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18 Cards in this Set

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Learning

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Ivan Pavlov

Discovered classical conditionaling through his work on digestion in dogs

Russian Physiologist

Classical Conditionaling

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditional stimulus with the conditioned response; the act or process of generaling

A result of this process: a general statement, idea, or principle

Extinction

The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditional stimulus In Classical Conditioning or the removal of a reinforcer In Operant Conditioning.

It occurs if the behavior RESPONSE is not reinforced.

Operant Conditioning

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Negative Reinforcement

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasurable stimulus.

Positive Reinforcement

The Reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus.

Reinforcement

Any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increasing the probability that the response will occur again

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval, Variable Interval, Fixed Ratio, and Variable Ratio

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Variable Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

The interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

The number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

The number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

Shaping

Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior.

Token Economy

A type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

Biofeedback

Use of feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control.

Learned Helplessness

A tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.