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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Integumentary system
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most accessible organ system; integument; body’s first line of defense against environment; cutaneous membrane and accessory structures
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Cutaneous membrane
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epidermis and dermis
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Epidermis
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stratified squamous epithelium; dominated by keratinocytes; continuously produced in deepest layers shed at surface; form strata or layers
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Epidermal ridges
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formed by deep layers of epidermis
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Dermal papilla
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in the dermis; bind to epidermal ridges
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Thin skin
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most of body covered; four strata
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Thick skin
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palms of hands; soles of feet; five strata; includes stratum lucidum
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Dermis
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papillary layer and reticular layer
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Papillary layer
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areolar connective tissue
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Reticular layer
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dense irregular connective tissue
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Hypodermis
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subcutaneous layer; not part of integument; separates integument from deep fascia
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Accessory structures
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hair, glands, nails, arrector pili, nerve fibers & sensory receptors, cutaneous plexus
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Cutaneous plexus
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network of blood vessels
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Functions of integumentary system
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protection, exctretion, maintain body temperature, produce melanin and keratin, synthesis of vitamin D3, storage of lipids, detect stimuli & relay info to nervous system
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Layers of epidermis
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stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
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Stratum corneum
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outermost protective layer; 15-30 layers of keratinized cells; dead cells attached with desmosomes
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Stratum lucidum
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clear layer; separates stratum corneum from underlying layers; flattened dead cells filled with keratin; not in thin skin
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Stratum granulosum
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grainy layer; 3-5 layers of keratinocytes; living cells that stopped dividing started making keratin
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Stratum spinosum
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spiny layer; 8-10 layers of live keratinocytes bound by desmodomes; dendritic cells
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Dendritic cells
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immune system cells found in stratum spinosum
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Stratum basale
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basal cells; merkel cells
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Basal cells
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stem cells; attached to basal lamina with hemidesmosomes; actively dividing to replace cells lost on superficial layers
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Merkel cells
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touch receptors; found in stratum basale
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Skin color
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influenced by presence of pigments (melanin and carotene); degree of dermal circulation; thickness and degree of keratinization of epidermis; UV radiation, but genetically programmed
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Melanocytes
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make melanin from amino acid tyrosine; ratio melanocytes to basal cells varies; everyone has same number of melanocytes but differnent amount of melanin produced
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Carotene
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orange-yellow pigment; forms in epidermis and fatty tissues of hypodermis; orange vegetables
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Blood supply
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red color form red hemoglobin pigment; more oxygen=bright red, less oxygen=dark red; cyanosis; dilation affects coloration
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Cyanosis
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blood appears blue from surface in thin skinned areas
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Basal cell carcinoma
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most common skin cancer; forms in stratum basale; cause by UV radiation; no metastasis
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Malignant melanoma
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cancerous melanocytes; metastasize through lymphatic system; not dected early = 14% survival rate 5 years
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Hypodermis
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not a part of the skin; separates skin from deeper structures; stabilizes skin to underlying tissues; allows movement; mostly adipose tissue; stores enery
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Skin sensory receptors in epidermis
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merkel cells and sensory neuron extensions
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Skin sensory receptors in dermis
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tacticle corpuscles and lamellated corpuscles
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Sensory neuron extensions
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sensory receptor in epidermis; pain and temperature
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Tacticle corpuscles
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sensory receptor in dermis; light touch
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Lamellated courpuscles
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sensory receptor in dermis; deep pressure/vibration; reticular layer
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Classes of burns
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partial thickness burns, full thickness burns
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Partial thickness burns
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first degree and second degree
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Full thickness burns
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third degree burn
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First degree burn
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surface of epidermis; redness; sunburn
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Second degree burn
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entire epidermis and some dermis damaged; blistering and pain
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Third degree burn
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destroys epidermis and dermis and parts of hypodermis; severe injury; skin grafting needed
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Skin functions affected by burns
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fluid & electrolyte balane, thermoregulation, protection from infection
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Fluid & electrolyte balance
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burned areas lose effectiveness as barrier when fluid and electrolytes lost; 3rd degree burn can cause 5x normal fluid loss
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Thermoregulation
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increased fluid loss means increase evaporative cooling; increase energy needed to maintain body temp
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Protection from infection
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dampness of epidermal surface encourages bacterial growth; sepsis
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Sepsis
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widespread bacterial infection common cause of death in burn victims
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Types of skin grafts
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autograft, allograft, xenograft
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Autograft
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skin graft with patient skin
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Allograft
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skin graft with cadaver skin |
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Xenograft
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graft with animal skin |
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Accessory organs of skin
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hair follicles, exocrine glands, nails
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Hair follicles
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produce hairs that protect skull; produce hairs that provide delicate touch sensations
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Exocrine glands
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thermoregulation; excrete wastes; lubricate epidermis
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Nails
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protect and support tips of fingers and toes
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Hair
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not found on palms, hands, soles of feet, sides of toes/fingers, lips and external genetalia; nonliving structures produced by hair follicles; terminal hairs, vellus hairs
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Terminal hairs
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large, coarse, dark on head or armpits
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Vellus hairs
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small, short, delicate on general body surface
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Hair follicle
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forms a single hair; composed of epithelial and connective tissue; layered structure, internal root sheath, external root sheath, glassy membrane, connective tissue sheath; base has hair bulb and hair papilla
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Internal root sheath
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surrounds hair root, deeper on
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External root sheath
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entire length of follicle
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Glassy membrane
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thick, clear basal lamina
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Hair bulb
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part of hair follicle; epithelial cap
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Hair papilla
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part of hair follicle; peg of connective tissue with blood vessels and nerves
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Hair layers
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cuticle, cortex, medulla
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Cuticle
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outermost layer of hair made of keratin
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Cortex
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middle layer of hair with hard keratin for stiffness
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Medulla
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core of hair with flexible soft keratin
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Hair regions
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hair shaft and hair root
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Hair shaft
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exposed hair region but extends into follicle
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Hair root
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hair region; anchoring portion where growth occurs
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Accessory hair structures
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root hair plexus, arrector pili muscle
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Root hair plexus
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accessory hair structure; sensory nerves surrounding base of follicle
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Arrector pili muscle
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accessory hair structure; smooth muscle that pulls causing hair to stand erect
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Sebaceous glands
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oil gland; holocrine glands, alveolar glands; contractions of arrector pili muscle cause release of sebum onto follicle and skin surface
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Holocrine glands
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sebaceous gland that discharge an oily lipid secretion
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Alveolar glands
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sebaceous gland; simple branched; secrete onto one hair follicle
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Sebum
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mixture of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins and electrolytes, lubricates hair shaft, antimicrobial
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Sweat glands
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sudoriferous glands; produce watery secretion by merocrine secretion; wash epidermal surface; apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands
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Apocrine sweat glands
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limited distribution; produce viscous secretion with complex composition and odor; influenced by hormones
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Merocrine sweat glands
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most areas of skin; watery secretions with electrolytes; controlled by nervous system; thermoregulation and excretion; antibacterial action
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Nails
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protect exposed dorsals of tips of fingers and toes; limits distortion of digits under stress; made of dead cells packed with keratin; affected by conditions that alter metabolism
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Nail structure
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nail body, nail root
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Nail body
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main part of nail; covers nail bed; lunula; free edge
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Nail bed
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underlying epidermis of nail body
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Lunula
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pale, proximal part of nail body
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Free edge
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distal part of nail body
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Nail root
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epidermal fold where nail production occurs
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Structures associated with nails
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eponychium, hyponychium
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Eponychium
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part of stratum corneum of nail root extends over nail; aka cuticle
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Hyponychium
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area of thickened stratum corneum under free edge
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Sources of vitamin D3
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sunlight, UV radiation makes epidermal cells of stratum spinosum and basale convert steroid to cholecalciferol; liver creates middle product then converted to calcitriol by kidneys; calcitriol lets intestine absorb calcium and phosphate; diet, naturally from fish, fish oils, shellfish, fortified foods
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Rickets
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condition from poorly mineralized bones; lack of sunlight or not enough cholecalciferol
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