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83 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Germinal Stage

1) Sperm fertilizes egg



2) zygote cells divides and attaches to the uterus



3) Placenta

What is a placenta?

A network of tissues that pass nutrients and waste



Screen substance.



Passes nutrients from mothers body

How long is the germinal stage?

Conception to 2 weeks

What is formed in the Embryonic stage?

Heart


Nervous system


Digestive system


Limbs


Ovaries/ testicles form

How long is the embryonic stage?



2 weeks - 8 weeks

Why is the embryonic stage a critical period?


(2 reasons)

Certain kinds of growth must occur for normal development.



Most sensitive, likely to be damaged.

Describe the fetal stage?

Greatest gains in nervous system



Fetus moves, swallows, frowns



Eyelids open, Tatsuya work, sensitivity to outside sound.

When does the fetal stage occur?

2 months - birth

How much sperm is in one ejaculation?

500 million (a lot)

Where are the female eggs stored?


When are the eggs formed?

Eggs are stored in the overies.



Formed when you're an 8 weeks old embryo.

Where each month does the ovaries release an egg?

Fallopian tubes

What coats the vagina that kills most sperm?

Acid

After sex what carries the sperm into the fallopian tube?

Contractions of the woman's cervix/ uterus.

How long does the egg live until it dies?

24 hours

What does the head of the sperm contain?

Genetic information

What heppens when the sperm has fertilize the egg?

The genetic informations/ DNA of the egg and sperm combine.

Where does the fertilized egg travel?

It travels to uterus

What cell invades the mothers uterus?

Cells of the embryo.

What is the embryo's temporary food sac?

The yolk sac

How many embryos don't survive in the womb for the first 8 weeks?

5 out of 6

How long does it take for an embryo to turn into a fetus?

Nine weeks

How long does it take for the fetus to form its basic stucture?

12 weeks

How many women feel nauseous during pregnancy and for how long?

3 out of 4 women


Last for 12 weeks

What does an ultrasound do?

It screens for potential problems and lets patents see the developing fetus?

How much amniotic fluid does a fetus swallow in a day?

Half a cup

What actions does a fetus do in the womb?

Kicking


Blinking


Sucking thumb


Summer Sault


Moving

By mid pregnancy, why does the fetuses 5 senses blurry?

Because the development of its brain is not yet completed

How does a fetus feel sound?

Through its skin

What does the placenta do?

Acts as a life support system of the fetus.

How much has the woman's uterus and blood supply grown, since 3 months?

Uterus is 20 times bigger



Blood supply has increased 33%

After 3 months why does the mothers back hurt?

Because the fetus is pushing against the spine.

After 3 months, why does she feel breathless?

Because the fetus is pushing upwards.

What happens to the womans heart when the uterus expands?

The heart gets bigger, works harder, and is pushed to one side.

How much does the cervixs open up to start child birth?

10 centimeters

What happens to the baby as it prepares to enter the birth canal?

The head and neck bend 90 degrees.

What starts the baby breathing after birth?

A rush of adrenaline

What part of the zygote becomes the embryo and what part becomes the placenta?

The inner cells of the zygote become the embryo.



The outer cell of the zygote become the placenta.

Name 5 risk factors in prenatal development

1) poor nutrition


2) viruses/ bacteria


3) parasites


4) stress


5) meternal age

What are the 3 effects of poor nutrition in prenatal development?



Low weight


Miscarruages


Physical defects

What does folic acid do during prenatal development?

Prevents neural tube (brain and spinal cord) defects.

What are the 3 effects of viruses/ bacteria in prenatal development?



Heart defects


Cognitive defects


Sensory defects

What are the effect of stress during prenatal development?

Effects oxygen delivery

What is a cortisol?

A stress hormone that thins out blood.

What is a Teratogen?

Agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Name 6 kinds of teratogens

Radiation and lead


Nicotine


Alcohol


Caffeine


Legal drugs


Illicit drugs

What are the effects of radiation and lead during prenatal development?

Cognitive problems and cancer

What are the 3 effects of nicotine during prenatal development?

Miscarriages


Respiratory issues


Learning disability.

What are the 5 effects of alcohol during during prenatal development?

Birth defects


Behavior problems


Hyperactivity


Lower intelligence


Physical and mental abnormalities

What is the effect of caffeine during prenatal development?

Learning disabilities

What kinds of legal drugs are teragtogens?

Antibiotics


Cough syrup


Acne medication


Aspirin

What are the 3 effects of illicit drugs during prenatal development?

Birth problems


Cognitive problems


Sensory problems

Human development is a matter of what?

Nature vs nurture

When is the sex of the baby determine?

8 weeks

What kind of chromosome does the egg give?

X chromosome

What kind of chromosome does sperm give?

X or Y chromosome

What chromosomes form a genetic female?

XX= female

What chromosomes form a genetic male?

XY = male

What does Y chromosome trigger?

The testes to develop and to produce testosterone.

What is the definition of sex?

Genetic, hormonal, body male or female

What is the definition of gender?

Role assumed through appearance, thoughts and behavior associated with being male or female.

Give 5 examples of how gender can be learned or socialized.

1) Parents actions and statement


2) Friends across and statement


3) Stereotypical toys, clothes, books


4) Media (e.g. movies, tv, songs)


5) Schooling (e.g. treacher expectations, sexist language)

What is a schema?

Basic units of knowledge that are mental representation of the world.



A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

What is assimilation?

Taking in information about new objects and applying schemas.



Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

What is accommodation?

Changing a schema to fit a new experience or object.



Adding new information about a schema.

What are Piaget's 4 cognitive stages in cognitive development?

Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)


Preoperational (2- 7 years)


Concrete operational (7 - 12 years)


Formal operational (12 - adult)

Describe the sensorimotor stage.

Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.



Lack object permanence.

Define object permanence.

The awareness that things still exist even when not percieved

Describe the preoperational stage.

When a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.



Lacks conservation



They're egocentric

What is Piaget's definition of egocentric?

Difficulty taking another person's point of view.

What is Piaget's preoperational stage definition of conservation?

They properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects.

What is theory of mind?

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perspective, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Describe the concrete operational stage.

Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.



Comprhend mathematical transformation and conservation.

Describe the formal operational stage.

People begin to think logically about abstract concepts.



Ponder hypothetical propostions and deduce consequences.

What are crtiticisms of Piaget's theory?

1) infants understand more than what Piaget gave them credit for.



2) cognitive development is not a matter of age or stage



3) the theory can't be applied universal (e.g. culture)



4) beyond the formal operational stage there are other tasked to be developed. (E.g. self-concept and social development)

In jean piaget cognitive development theory, what are 3 ways how children's thinking develops through error?

1) schemas


2) assimilation


3) accommodation

What is Erik Erikson's approach to studying social development?

There are 8 stages of life where new crisis occur


A person can resolve the crisis or be hindered by it.

What are Erikson's 8 stages

1) trust vs mistrust


2) autonomy vs shame and doubt


3) initiative vs guilt


4) competence vs inferioriry


5) identity vs role confusion


6) intimacy vs isolation


7) generativity vs stagnation


8) integrity vs despair

What are the 3 types of attachment.

1) secure attachment


2) avoidant


3) ambivalent

Define attachmemt

Deep, affectionate, close and enduring relationship to caregiver.

What is secure attachment?

Mom used as home base


Breif separation tolerated


Infant was happy to see mom return and receptive.

What is avoidant?

Ignores mother apon return

What is ambivalent?

Upset when mother left but angery and rejected upon return.

What are the 3 stages to moral development?

Preconventional (self-concern)


Conventional (approval)


Postconventional (ethics)