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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Germinal Stage |
1) Sperm fertilizes egg
2) zygote cells divides and attaches to the uterus
3) Placenta |
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What is a placenta? |
A network of tissues that pass nutrients and waste Screen substance.
Passes nutrients from mothers body |
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How long is the germinal stage? |
Conception to 2 weeks |
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What is formed in the Embryonic stage? |
Heart Nervous system Digestive system Limbs Ovaries/ testicles form |
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How long is the embryonic stage? |
2 weeks - 8 weeks |
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Why is the embryonic stage a critical period? (2 reasons) |
Certain kinds of growth must occur for normal development.
Most sensitive, likely to be damaged. |
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Describe the fetal stage? |
Greatest gains in nervous system
Fetus moves, swallows, frowns
Eyelids open, Tatsuya work, sensitivity to outside sound. |
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When does the fetal stage occur? |
2 months - birth |
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How much sperm is in one ejaculation? |
500 million (a lot) |
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Where are the female eggs stored? When are the eggs formed? |
Eggs are stored in the overies.
Formed when you're an 8 weeks old embryo. |
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Where each month does the ovaries release an egg? |
Fallopian tubes |
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What coats the vagina that kills most sperm? |
Acid |
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After sex what carries the sperm into the fallopian tube? |
Contractions of the woman's cervix/ uterus. |
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How long does the egg live until it dies? |
24 hours |
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What does the head of the sperm contain? |
Genetic information |
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What heppens when the sperm has fertilize the egg? |
The genetic informations/ DNA of the egg and sperm combine. |
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Where does the fertilized egg travel? |
It travels to uterus |
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What cell invades the mothers uterus? |
Cells of the embryo. |
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What is the embryo's temporary food sac? |
The yolk sac |
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How many embryos don't survive in the womb for the first 8 weeks? |
5 out of 6 |
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How long does it take for an embryo to turn into a fetus? |
Nine weeks |
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How long does it take for the fetus to form its basic stucture? |
12 weeks |
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How many women feel nauseous during pregnancy and for how long? |
3 out of 4 women Last for 12 weeks |
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What does an ultrasound do? |
It screens for potential problems and lets patents see the developing fetus? |
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How much amniotic fluid does a fetus swallow in a day? |
Half a cup |
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What actions does a fetus do in the womb? |
Kicking Blinking Sucking thumb Summer Sault Moving |
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By mid pregnancy, why does the fetuses 5 senses blurry? |
Because the development of its brain is not yet completed |
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How does a fetus feel sound? |
Through its skin |
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What does the placenta do? |
Acts as a life support system of the fetus. |
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How much has the woman's uterus and blood supply grown, since 3 months? |
Uterus is 20 times bigger
Blood supply has increased 33% |
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After 3 months why does the mothers back hurt? |
Because the fetus is pushing against the spine. |
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After 3 months, why does she feel breathless? |
Because the fetus is pushing upwards. |
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What happens to the womans heart when the uterus expands? |
The heart gets bigger, works harder, and is pushed to one side. |
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How much does the cervixs open up to start child birth? |
10 centimeters |
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What happens to the baby as it prepares to enter the birth canal? |
The head and neck bend 90 degrees. |
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What starts the baby breathing after birth? |
A rush of adrenaline |
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What part of the zygote becomes the embryo and what part becomes the placenta? |
The inner cells of the zygote become the embryo. The outer cell of the zygote become the placenta. |
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Name 5 risk factors in prenatal development |
1) poor nutrition 2) viruses/ bacteria 3) parasites 4) stress 5) meternal age |
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What are the 3 effects of poor nutrition in prenatal development? |
Low weight Miscarruages Physical defects |
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What does folic acid do during prenatal development? |
Prevents neural tube (brain and spinal cord) defects. |
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What are the 3 effects of viruses/ bacteria in prenatal development? |
Heart defects Cognitive defects Sensory defects |
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What are the effect of stress during prenatal development? |
Effects oxygen delivery |
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What is a cortisol? |
A stress hormone that thins out blood. |
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What is a Teratogen? |
Agents, such as chemicals or viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |
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Name 6 kinds of teratogens |
Radiation and lead Nicotine Alcohol Caffeine Legal drugs Illicit drugs |
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What are the effects of radiation and lead during prenatal development? |
Cognitive problems and cancer |
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What are the 3 effects of nicotine during prenatal development? |
Miscarriages Respiratory issues Learning disability. |
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What are the 5 effects of alcohol during during prenatal development? |
Birth defects Behavior problems Hyperactivity Lower intelligence Physical and mental abnormalities |
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What is the effect of caffeine during prenatal development? |
Learning disabilities |
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What kinds of legal drugs are teragtogens? |
Antibiotics Cough syrup Acne medication Aspirin |
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What are the 3 effects of illicit drugs during prenatal development? |
Birth problems Cognitive problems Sensory problems |
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Human development is a matter of what? |
Nature vs nurture |
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When is the sex of the baby determine? |
8 weeks |
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What kind of chromosome does the egg give? |
X chromosome |
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What kind of chromosome does sperm give? |
X or Y chromosome |
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What chromosomes form a genetic female? |
XX= female |
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What chromosomes form a genetic male? |
XY = male |
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What does Y chromosome trigger? |
The testes to develop and to produce testosterone. |
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What is the definition of sex? |
Genetic, hormonal, body male or female |
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What is the definition of gender? |
Role assumed through appearance, thoughts and behavior associated with being male or female. |
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Give 5 examples of how gender can be learned or socialized. |
1) Parents actions and statement 2) Friends across and statement 3) Stereotypical toys, clothes, books 4) Media (e.g. movies, tv, songs) 5) Schooling (e.g. treacher expectations, sexist language) |
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What is a schema? |
Basic units of knowledge that are mental representation of the world. A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
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What is assimilation? |
Taking in information about new objects and applying schemas. Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. |
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What is accommodation? |
Changing a schema to fit a new experience or object. Adding new information about a schema. |
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What are Piaget's 4 cognitive stages in cognitive development? |
Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years) Preoperational (2- 7 years) Concrete operational (7 - 12 years) Formal operational (12 - adult) |
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Describe the sensorimotor stage. |
Infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Lack object permanence. |
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Define object permanence. |
The awareness that things still exist even when not percieved |
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Describe the preoperational stage. |
When a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Lacks conservation They're egocentric |
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What is Piaget's definition of egocentric? |
Difficulty taking another person's point of view. |
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What is Piaget's preoperational stage definition of conservation? |
They properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the form of objects. |
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What is theory of mind? |
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perspective, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |
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Describe the concrete operational stage. |
Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Comprhend mathematical transformation and conservation. |
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Describe the formal operational stage. |
People begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Ponder hypothetical propostions and deduce consequences. |
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What are crtiticisms of Piaget's theory? |
1) infants understand more than what Piaget gave them credit for. 2) cognitive development is not a matter of age or stage 3) the theory can't be applied universal (e.g. culture) 4) beyond the formal operational stage there are other tasked to be developed. (E.g. self-concept and social development) |
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In jean piaget cognitive development theory, what are 3 ways how children's thinking develops through error? |
1) schemas 2) assimilation 3) accommodation |
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What is Erik Erikson's approach to studying social development? |
There are 8 stages of life where new crisis occur A person can resolve the crisis or be hindered by it. |
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What are Erikson's 8 stages |
1) trust vs mistrust 2) autonomy vs shame and doubt 3) initiative vs guilt 4) competence vs inferioriry 5) identity vs role confusion 6) intimacy vs isolation 7) generativity vs stagnation 8) integrity vs despair |
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What are the 3 types of attachment. |
1) secure attachment 2) avoidant 3) ambivalent |
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Define attachmemt |
Deep, affectionate, close and enduring relationship to caregiver. |
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What is secure attachment? |
Mom used as home base Breif separation tolerated Infant was happy to see mom return and receptive. |
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What is avoidant? |
Ignores mother apon return |
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What is ambivalent? |
Upset when mother left but angery and rejected upon return. |
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What are the 3 stages to moral development? |
Preconventional (self-concern) Conventional (approval) Postconventional (ethics) |