Chapter 5 Exam (17-19)

Front 1

The filtering of water & dissolved materials (salt) out of the glomerular capillary and into the glomerular capsules. (formation of ultrafiltrate)

Back 1

Glomerular Filtration

Front 2

This process occurs in the renal corpsude and occurs due to hydrostatic pressure

Back 2

Glomerular Filtration

Front 3

The selective return of substances from the glomerular filtrate to the blood of the peritubular capillaries and is done by processes of active and passive transport

Back 3

Glomerular Reabsorption

Front 4

Regulation of the extracellular fluid environment in the body

Back 4

Urine Formation

Front 5

Urine formation regulates what 4 processes

Back 5

Regulate volume of blood plasma & blood pressure,
Regulate blood waste concentration,
Regulate electrolyte concentration, such as Na+, K+, & HCO3-,
Regulate pH of plasma

Front 6

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from blood plasma by excreting them through urine

Back 6

Renal Clearance

Front 7

__ is required for the regulation of blood volume and ___ is required for the proper functioning of cardiac and skeletal muscle

Back 7

Na+ and K+

Front 8

The excretion of H+ in the urine and the reabsorption of bicarbonate is how the ___________ is regulated

Back 8

Acid Base volumes

Front 9

These increase urine volume in order to lower blood volume and pressure

Back 9

Diuretics

Front 10

This hormone increases the collecting duct’s permeability to water, thus helping to regulate the amount of water the body keeps or releases

Back 10

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Front 11

An _____ in ADH due to dehydration results in ______ water reabsorption, thus helping to reduce more water loss (less volume and more concentrated urine)

Back 11

increase, increase

Front 12

A ____ in ADH results in ____ reabsorption of water, thus getting rid of excess water (greater volume and diluted urine)

Back 12

decrease, decrease

Front 13

This hormone promotes Na+ retention and K+ loss (secretion)

Back 13

Aldosterone

Front 14

_________ secretion is stimulated directly by a rise in blood potassium and indirectly by a fall in blood volume

Back 14

Aldosterone

Front 15

Inflammation of glomeruli (probably autoimmune)
may lead to renal insufficiency and the prescense of proteins in the urine. This condition is known as what

Back 15

Glomerulonephritis

Front 16

Renal functions are greatly diminished, usually due to inadequate blood flow to kidneys. Also due to the use of various drugs.

Back 16

Acute Renal Failure

Front 17

Used to treat people with renal insufficiency (uremia) and It does the work of the kidneys

Back 17

Hemodialysis (artificial kidney disease)

Front 18

In this condition, transport carriers become saturated as a result of hyperglycemia, therefore glucose stays in urine

Back 18

Glyocsuria

Front 19

What ingredient is most commonly found in diuretics?

Back 19

Caffiene

Front 20

Rapid weight loss is actually due to ____ and not body fat by the use of diuretics

Back 20

water loss

Front 21

Normally, all glucose is _____, because it is used for energy production in the cells

Back 21

reabsorbed

Front 22

What does BMR stand for

Back 22

Basal Metabolic rate

Front 23

_____ is the metabolic rate of an awake, relaxed person 12 – 14 hours after eating & at a comfortable temperature

Back 23

BMR

Front 24

This is determined by ones age, sex, body surface area, and level of thyroid secretion

Back 24

BMR

Front 25

Excercising increases your resting BMR, and ____ also increases your BMR because of the buildup of muscle tissue

Back 25

weightlifting

Front 26

Defined as the total rate of body metabolism (anabolic & catabolic reactions

Back 26

Metabolic Rate

Front 27

This is determined by the Amount of heat generated by the body and Amount of oxygen consumed by the body per minute

Back 27

Metabolic Rate

Front 28

The energy stored in the bonds of food (the more bonds the more energy) are called what

Back 28

Calories

Front 29

one kilocalorie= how many calories

Back 29

1000

Front 30

____ _____ = the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one cc of water 1 degree Celsius

Back 30

one calorie

Front 31

What is the ratio of carbohydrates to fats?

Back 31

4:9 (4kcal/gram to 9kcal/gram)

Front 32

___ have more available energy but required more energy to break down.

Back 32

Fats

Front 33

The expenditure of calories also means what

Back 33

The use of calories

Front 34

How many components are involved with the expenditure of calories?

Back 34

3

Front 35

This is the calories you burn by just sitting around (60%)

Back 35

BMR

Front 36

This is the calories you burn when you respond to changes in ambient temperature & during the digestion & absorption of food (10%)

Back 36

Adaptive thermogenesis

Front 37

the more ____ _____, the more calories used. This is why exercise is vital to maintaining or losing weight. Increasing physical activity raises the metabolic rate & energy expenditure of your skeletal muscles.

Back 37

Physical activity

Front 38

What are the 3 main components of calorie expenditure?

Back 38

BMR, adaptive thermogenesis, and physical activity

Front 39

Metabolic rate is influenced by what 3 factors?

Back 39

Physical activity
Body temperature
Eating

Front 40

This tissue stores fat & are release sites of energy substrates (mainly fatty acids) during fasting

Back 40

Adipose

Front 41

The longer you go without food, the more ___ acids are released

Back 41

Fatty

Front 42

This type of tissue causes muscle to be more responsive to insulin and
May secrete own hormones which help to regulate hunger and food intake

Back 42

Adipose

Front 43

____ levels of blood glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion & inhibit glucagon secretion

Back 43

High

Front 44

____ levels of blood glucose levels stimulate glucagon secretion & inhibit insulin secretion

Back 44

Low

Front 45

In this condition, Islets of Langerhans cells secrete excessive amounts of insulin in response to a rise in blood glucose concentration

Back 45

Hypoglycemia(low blood sugar levels)

Front 46

This organ Functions in the storage, concentration, & release of bile (into the duodenum of the small intestine

Back 46

Gallbladder

Front 47

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

Back 47

duodenum, jejenum, ilieum

Front 48

Name the 3 phases of gastric secretion

Back 48

Cephalic, Gastric, Intestinal

Front 49

Name the 5 functions of the digestive system

Back 49

motility, secretion,digestion, absorption of nutrients, and storage and elimination of wastes

Front 50

This function of the digestive system refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract

Back 50

Motility

Front 51

During this process of motility, food is taken into the mouth

Back 51

ingestion

Front 52

During this process of motility, chewing of the food and mixing it with saliva occurs

Back 52

mastication

Front 53

During this process of motility, swallowing occurs

Back 53

deglutition

Front 54

During this process of motility, rythmic, wavelike contractions move food through the gastrointestinal tract

Back 54

Peristalsis

Front 55

Secretion of the digestive system includes what 2 types of secretions

Back 55

exocrine and endocrine

Front 56

This refers to the breakdown of food molecules into the smaller subunits, which can be absorbed

Back 56

digestion

Front 57

This refers to the passage of digested end products into the blood or lymph

Back 57

absorption

Front 58

This refers to the temporary storage and subsequent elimination of indigestible food molecules

Back 58

storage and elimination

Front 59

Name the 4 layers of the GI tract

Back 59

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Front 60

The small intestine functions in what two things

Back 60

digestion and absorption

Front 61

The small intestine contains ____, which contain microvilli and aid to increase the surface area for increased absorption

Back 61

Villi

Front 62

the muscular contraction for mixing of chyme

Back 62

segementation

Front 63

The large intestine is commonly referred to as the ____

Back 63

colon

Front 64

The functions of this organ are Absorption of water, electrolytes, & certain vitamins from chyme and Production of vitamin K & folic acid

Back 64

Large intestine(colon)

Front 65

The ____ functions in the detoxification of blood, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis, and produces and secretes bile

Back 65

Liver

Front 66

This organ Functions in the storage, concentration, & release of bile (into the duodenum of the small intestine)

Back 66

gallbladder

Front 67

The ____ functions in endocrine and exocrine secretions

Back 67

pancreas

Front 68

This function of the pancreas secretes pancreatic juice (acini

Back 68

exocrine

Front 69

This function of the pancreas is where insulin & glucagons from islets of Langerhans (pancreatic islets) are located

Back 69

endocine

Front 70

____ produces an acidic environment in the stomach by means of Denaturing protein to make more digestable, Activates pepsin from pepsinogen, and Increases activity of pepsin (optimum pH for hydrolysis of protein)

Back 70

HCL

Front 71

These serve as cofactors and coenzymes, which help enzymes perform their functions and Deficiencies in these can alter enzyme activity and cause metabolic problems.

Back 71

Vitamins

Front 72

These are Inactive forms of certain enzymes. They must be stored as in active molecules otherwise they would digest the cells of the pancreas. (ex. trypsinogen (inactive)  trypsin (active)

Back 72

Zymogens

Front 73

______ is an enzyme that digests starch

Back 73

amylase

Front 74

_____ is an enzyme that digests proteins

Back 74

Trypsin

Front 75

______is an enzyme that digests triglycerides

Back 75

Lipase

Front 76

_____are the functional unit of the kidney

Back 76

nephrons

Front 77

The digestion of these begins in mouth (salivary amylase breaks down starch)

Back 77

carbohydrates

Front 78

Digestion of these begins in stomach (pepsin)

Back 78

Proteins

Front 79

Digestion of these begins in the small intestine

Back 79

Lipids

Front 80

This type of cholesterol deliver triglycerides to different organs

Back 80

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs

Front 81

This type of cholesterol is converted VLDL particles which transport cholesterol to various organs and are Referred to as the “bad” cholesterol (collects in arterial walls) and
therefore you want a low number of these.

Back 81

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLS)

Front 82

This type of cholesterol returns excess cholesterol from organs to liver and is The “good” cholesterol (you want a high number these)

Back 82

High-density lipoproteins

Front 83

After electrolytes and water have been absorbed, the waste material that is left passes to to the rectum, leading to an increase in rectal pressure, and the urge to _____ occurs

Back 83

defecate

Front 84

In this condition, Islets of Langerhans cells are destroyed by autoimmune attack & results in the inability to produce and release insulin. Glucose then stays in blood and cannot be delivered into cells, therefore cells cannot make energy.

Back 84

Diabetes Mellitus type 1

Front 85

Inadequate insulin secretion & low tissue sensitivity to insulin (cells won’t take in the insulin)and is Most common in people who are overweight, develops slowly, and is hereditary

Back 85

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Front 86

inflammation of mucosa due to gastric barrier breakdown

Back 86

acute gastritis

Front 87

Erosions of the mucus membranes of stomach &/or duodenum by action of HCl
and Sufferers are normally infected with bacterium called Heliobacter pylori

Back 87

Peptic Ulcer

Front 88

This part of the autonomic system stimulates motility & secretions of GI tract

Back 88

Parasympathetic

Front 89

This part of the autonomic system reduces motility & secretions & stimulates sphincter muscle contraction

Back 89

Sympathetic

Front 90

increased _____ _____ results in an increase in filtration

Back 90

hyrostatic pressure