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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. Age |
- most offenses committed by young people - average age of offences 15.8- consistent in basically every nation in the world -property crime- sharp increase up until 16, then little blip at 70 -violent crime plateau for men from 24-39 (bc of domestic violence) - old senile ppl being charged with abuse- never charged before but now no tolerance |
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Maturational Reform |
- people without any help in any way from anyone (parental, counsellors, justice system) will for the very most part mature out of crime - 99% of all ppl will mature out of crappy behaviour by themselves |
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Female vs. male crime rate |
- rate for males is decreasing over the years, relatively increasing for females -will never be 50/50 but now is about 80/20 when used to be 90/10 |
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Life Course Theory |
- concerned with the role of age graded transitions and social controls -social bonds such as attachment help reduce the likelihood of involvement in crime |
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Desistance |
-an underlying causal process whose end product is reducing or ending involvement incriminate activity - aging, good marriage, securing legal stable work |
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2. Sex |
- biologically male or female Property crime- 82% committed by males, 18% by female Violent crime- 90% committed by males - either type males are dominating |
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3. Race Ethno |
Ethnocentrism- belief that your culture is the best- not a bad thing can lead to camaraderie, nation building and good things. |
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Prejudice Discrimination Racism |
1. prejudice- BELIEF or attitude, in your mind and head 2. Discrimination- behaviour, your actions. Acting on the prejudice attitude 3. Racism- POWER. must be in a position of power police, jail guard. must be in role of power to be racist |
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Majority vs. minority (Never used in crim) |
Majority - you think numbers, the bigger the number South Africa- majority of ppl are black but they have absolutely NO power |
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Dominant vs Subordinate |
Dominant- doesn't matter if you're majority or minority, gets rid of number. But implies power. the more powerful group Subordinate- the less powerful group |
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Overrepresentation |
- of ALL aboriginals in Canada they make up 3/4% of the population but are 18-22% of JAIL population -What the majority of the population of your country is doing the most crime-- EG canada, young white males, Tokyo- Young, ASIAN male Trinidad- Young black male |
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Community Level Crime Rate highest in Communities WITH/NEAR A) Busn |
- Crime rates are highest in small communities A) highest crime rate in areas adjacent to businesses/ industry area |
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B. Physical BW Theory |
-higher in communities with physical deterioration BROKEN WINDOWS THEORY-- if you have an apartment building with broken window, sends a message you don't care about the building and gives ppl the feeling that they can break the there windows ( if you don't care why would anybody else) |
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C. LI D. HP |
C. crime highest in communities with low income-- higher rates of ethnicity other than white ppl- but it's the white criminals that come into those areas and prey on the low income then leave D. highest in areas with heterogeneous- diverse and multicultural populations. White ppl go into here to do crime |
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E. F. |
E. highest in areas with high density population- ppl more prone to crime, because you lose sense of individuality. lose sense of monitoring, don't feel like you're being watched F. highest in communities with significant mobility |
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Canada's Homicide Rate is 4x Lower than US, 12x Lower than Russia We look at homicide rates across nations |
1. Reporting is fairly consistent across most nations, compare apples to apples 2. every place has different criminal codes- deal with crime differently 3. willingness to report- tru willingness generally to report homicide 4. Record Keeping- most nations keep fairly accurate record keepings |
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Conflict Theory |
- argument that the justice system was to control race/ population groups -any other category other than white powerful man, the justice system set up to control you A) YCJA- evidence conflict theory is right B) white collar crime- martha stewart, bill gates |
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Heimer and De Coster Understanding Gender Gap |
1. violent delinquency is function of social learning of violent definitions by females and males 2. gender differences in the process of learning violent definitions- direct parental control influences males more than female while indirect influence girls more than boys |
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3. 4. |
3. direct parental supervision of youths friends help reduce violent delinquency in boys no impact on girls 4. girls who accept traditional gender definitions have lower rates of violence, no influence on boys though 5 |
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5 6 |
5. violence by boys and girls is shaped by position in social structure- but position in social structure differs between girls and boys 6. boys have higher rates of violent delinquency partly because they tend to learn more violent definitions and gender definitions than girls |
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7. |
7. boys tend to learn more violent definitions than girls because of their experience with violence and lower levels of emotional attachment |
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Daly (1992) Pathway's for Women's Involvement in Crime 1. Harm and Harming Women |
1. these women have endured abuse and have had difficult family life. Possibly abandoned by mothers- regarded as out of control |
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2. Battered women |
-these women's criminal activities are precipitated by an abusive partner. Relationships with violent men |
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3. Street women |
-women suffered serious levels of abuse in childhood or present relationships. -what distinguishes them is street enviro-- prostitution, selling drugs and theft |
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4. Drug connected women |
- engaged in illicit drug use and sale in part because of their relationship with ppl, usually family members and partners |
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5. Other women |
- persons with no history of unfavourable family life- who have not suffered abuse who are not street entrenched but who are engaged in crime for economic gain |
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1. Differential Offending Hypothesis |
-there are actual differences between racial groups in terms of the incidence, level of seriousness and persistence of offending patterns |
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2. Differential Treatment Hypothesis |
-structural inequality in the admission of justice is responsible for the overrepresentation of minority groups in the criminal justice process |
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A) |
A) police give closer attention to ppl who meet certain social criteria- and minority groups disproportionately be included in those groups |
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B) |
B) certain social spaces tend to experience greater police surveillance than others- areas with concentrated social disadvantage- poverty |
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C) |
C) police may be influenced by race or ethnicity in the exercise of their discretion and authority- decision about whether or not sot stop search and arrest suspect |
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1. Colonial Model - Frantz Fanon |
- socio psychological perspective -focuses on intersection of structural oppression, alienation and 3 adaptive forms of behaviour 1. assimilation 2. crime/deviance 3. protest |
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Tatum's 4 stages of Colonization 1. Territory |
1. Territory of one racial group is invaded by another- goal to acquire valuable resources |
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2. |
2. colonial society is formed (e.g. residential schooling) -process of cultural imposition, cultural disintegration and cultural re-creattion Imposition-- the native pop's are forced to adopt values and ways of life of the colonial power - leads to the collapse and values of the colonized group -as a consequence society develops in which the old norms and values have give away to different values that inferiors native pop |
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3. |
3. native ppl find themselves governed by representative of the colonizers power- such as police and military -RCMP set out to pacify the aboriginal populations o west would be settled -minor infractions of minority group are likely to come into attention of law enforcement- reduced likelihood that the colonized population will cooperate with police or perceive fairness |
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4. |
4. colonial society develops a caste system based on race- access to socially valuable resources such as land, jobs and education is shaped by racial considerations -provide opportunity for settler populations and disadvantage for natives - concentrated disadvantage increases likelihood of criminal behaviour |
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Consequences of Tatum's 4 stages 1. Mentacide |
1. the deliberate and systematic destruction of a groups minds with the ultimate objective being the extirpation of the group - each member of the colonized group bears burden of proving that they are not inferior to the dominant gtoup |
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2. Cultural Limbo/ Double Alienation |
-colonized population forced to shed it's identity, language and customs, - but natives are therefore neither fully themselves nor part of the colonizers group -- they occupy an in between state |
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3. Self hate |
-The resulting alienation and ambiguity may manifest itself in crime through self hate - may be evident in the desire of the colonized not to identify with their traditional customs -alienation can result in attacks against the ppl that the colonized now hate- THEMSELVES |
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Horizontal Violence |
- violent acts by a person within his or her social class - colonial model focuses on how conditions fostered by colonist expansion generate particular institutional arrangements that produce a subject who is susceptible to committing violent acts |
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2. History Trauma Transmission Model |
- closely related to colonial model but emphasizes the social and psychological consequences of colonialism - focuses on historic trauma manifests itself socially and psych -demonstrates how acculturation is often associated with alcoholism, drug addiction, family disintegration and suicide |
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Model argues that when... |
-a group of ppl experience physical extermination, cultural genocide and colonial subjugation, members of the group develop "learned helplessness" LH- members of a group believe that no action on their part can alter the course of their lives- ppl become hostile, passive, inactive and blame themselves - internal attribution of failure results in decreased sense of self and esteem |
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Traumatic Memories passed from 1 gen to the next Through 1. BC 2.ST |
1. Biological channels- inherited predispositions to PTSD and FASD. increaed inability t particulate thoughts and confusion with judicial process 2. Storytelling and other culturally sanctioned behaviour |
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3. V 4. PA |
3. Direct result of violence- deficient parenting, the acting out of abuse and other social skills 4. Psychological avenues- memory, individual recollections of pain, suffering and debilitating social conditions |
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3. Critical Race Theory |
- challenges the policies and dynamics and taken for granted assumptions of institutional power |
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Social Constructionist Approach |
- questions the idea that there is a social reality that is observable or measurable, but rather proposes that a crime whatever a particular society defines it to be not an objective fact |
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Legal Indeterminacy- |
- not every legal case has ONE correct outcome |
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Racialization |
- process in which categories of the populations are constructed, differentiated, interiorized and exlucded - meanings are attributed to particular objects, features and processes of individuals/groups in a way that those features are given special significance |
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Racialization involves 4 things 1. 2 |
1. selecting human characteristics as meaningful signs of racial differences 2. sorting ppl into races on the basis of variations in these characteristics 3. attributing personality traits, behaviours and social characteristics to ppl classified as members or particular race 4. acting as if race indicates socially significant differences among ppl |
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Drug and Alcohol misuse as a correlate of Crime |
- use of illicit drugs strongly correlated with street crimes- murder, robber, car theft and mischief - 70% offender release suspensions involve alcohol and other substances -3/4 of inmates enter custody with substance abuse issues and around 50% of federal inmates there is direct link between substance abuse and criminal behaviour |
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3 Factors that link Drug/Alcohol use and Crime |
1. Efforts to support addiction, can lead to involvement of crime 2. individuals may commit because they are under the influence 3. mere possession of illegal drugs is a crime |
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Goldstein's Model Drugs cause crime in 3 ways 1. pyschopharmalogical |
1. Drugs have the capacity to change behaviour and make ppl break laws |
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2. Economic compulsive 3. Systematic |
2. crimes may be committed in order to secure drugs and feed the habit 3. violence is intrinsic to involvement with any illicit substance |
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Socio- Economic Status and Criminal Behaviour |
- historically lower classes seen as responsible for crime -class has no statistical significant relationship with delinquency - ppl with low SES are over represented in statistics because criminal behaviour of middle and upper class escape notice - higher education just means you commit more sophisticated crimes than the uneducated, not less crimes |
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Wright and Colleagues 3 Fundamental Findings between SES and crime |
1. link between SES and crime is indirect one that operates through mediating variables 2. low SES promotes delinquency- serves as a catalyst 3. high SES promotes delinquency by reducing adherence to conventional values while increasing social power and risk taking behaviours |
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Spatial Location as correlate of crime |
-Property crime generally higher in developed countries -NWT have highest rate of crime - Residential segregation- the occupation of distinct built spaces by specific ethno racial groups- leads to ecological dissimilarity. |
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Collective Efficacy |
- social cohesion among neighbours combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good -crime not random distributed- it's a consequence of structural disadvantage and limited collective efficacy. |
