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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Potential energy is one form of energy. What are three other forms of energy?
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Kinetic, Thermal, Chemical
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What form of energy must all organisms be able to use?
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Chemical Energy
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Cells use energy by coupling energy _________ to energy _________ processes.
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inputs, requiring
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What are three kinds of work that cells use energy for?
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Chemical work, Mechanical work, Electro-chemical work.
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What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
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The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant.
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Energy can undergo conversions from one form to another, but can't be ___________ or ___________.
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created, destroyed
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What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
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No energy conversion is 100% efficient.
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The total amount of energy flows from _______ energy forms to forms __________ in energy.
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high, lower
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The flow of energy in living is ______ _______
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one way
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Producers trap energy from the sun and do what with it.
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Convert it to chemical bond energy.
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What do all organisms use to do work?
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Energy stored in the bonds of organic compounds.
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Measures of degrees of disorder in a system is known as what?
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Entropy
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Why is the world of life able to resist the flow toward maximum entroy?
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Because it is resupplied with energy from the sun.
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Energy changes in cells tend to run spontaneously in what direction?
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The direction that results in an overall decrease of energy (energy runs downhill).
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In endergonic reactions an energy _______ is required.
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input
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In which reaction does the product have more energy than the starting product?
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Endergonic
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In exergonic reactions, energy is _________.
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released
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In which reactions do the products have less energy?
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Exergonic
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What does ATP stand for?
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Adenosine triphosphate
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What does ADP stand for?
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Adenosine diphosphate
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ADP forms when ATP gives up a _________ ________.
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phosphate group
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This nucleic acid can reform when ADP binds to an inorganic phosphate.
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ATP
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The cycle of: ADP ◀==▶ ADP+P helps drive most ___________ reactions.
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metabolic
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I like to remember the participants in metabolic reactions with the acronym: RECEIPT. Please break down this acronym.
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R -Reactants
E -Energy carriers C -Cofactors E -enzymes I -Intemediaries P -Products T -Transport protein |
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Nearly all chemical reactions are ____________.
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reversible
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The direction a chemical reaction runs is dependant on what two things?
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1. The energy content of participants
2. The reactant-to-product ratio |
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At chemical equilibrium, the energy in the reactant _________ that in the product.
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equals
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________ and ________ molecules usually differ in energy content
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Product and reactant
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Because product and reactant energy levels are rarely in equilibrium, the amount of reactant (Never/ Almost never/ Always) equals the amount of product.
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almost never
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In redox (reaction oxidation) cells efficiently release energy by __________ _________.
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electron transfer
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In redox reactions one molecule gives up electrons and is ___________, and another gains them and is _________.
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oxidized, reduced
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An element of what atom is commonly released during redox reactions.
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Hydrogen (forms H+)
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Electron transfer chains are possible based on what?
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The arrangement of enzymes and coenzymes within the cellular membrane.
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In _______ _______ _______, as one molecule is oxidized the next one is reduced.
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electron transfer chains
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Give two examples of electron transfer chains.
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Aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis |
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Metabolic pathways are defined as ________ ________ sequences of reactions in cells.
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enzyme mediated
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Name the two types of metabolic pathways.
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Biosynthetic (anabolic)
and Degradative (catabolic) |
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Biosynthetic pathways are ____________.
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endogonic
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Degradative pathways are ____________.
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exergonic
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Electron transfers occur in virtually every reaction that harnesses energy used to form what?
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ATP
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What participant in metabolic reactions assist in electron transfers?
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Coenzymes
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___________ take part in many energy changes.
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Redox
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Describe ATP's role in aerobic respiration.
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Transfers of electrons and hydrogen from glucose drive ATP formation
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In photosynthes describe how ATP is formed.
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The sun's energy drives transfers for ATP formation, THEN the electrons and Hydrogen combine with Carbon and Oxygen to form energy.
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In terms of function, enzymes are proteins that speed the rate at which reactants and products approach __________.
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equilibrium
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What are two structural features of enzymes.
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They are cololytic melecules
and... They are proteins |
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Factors that affect protein shape and function affect enzyme function. (T/F)
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True
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What are four important features of enzymes?
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1. Enzymes don't make anything happen that wouldn't happen on its own
2. Reactions do not 'use up' or alter enzyme molecules 3. The same enzyme works for both forward and reverse reactions 4. Enzyme bonds are specific (each type recognizes and bonds to only certain substances) |
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What must be surmounted for a reaction to occur?
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An energy barrier
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In regards to the energy barrier, what does an enzyme do?
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lowers the energy barrier that the reaction must overcome to occur.
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Besides temperature and pH what are some other factors that influence enzyme activity?
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Salt concentration
Allosteric (shape) regulators Coenzymes and cofactors |
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How does temperature benefit enzyme activity?
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A small increase in temperature increases molecular collisions thereby encreasing reaction rates.
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How does high temperature affect enzyme activity?
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High temperature disrupts bonds and destroys the shape of the active site.
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(T/F) Celluler energy is not the only feature of metabolism.
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True
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During metabolism how do cells accumulate, use and dispose of materials?
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In a directional fashion
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There are forces that affect metabolism by influencing substances moving into and out of the ______ ___________
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cell memrane
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Cell membranes show ___________ permeability.
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selective
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This occurs when the number of molecules or ions in one region is different than the number in another region.
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Concentration gradient
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How does concentration gradient affect a substance.
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A substance (in the abscence of other forces) will move from a higher concentration to a lower concentration (aka down gradient) and will lose energy
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What is diffusion?
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The net movement of like molecules or ions down a concentration gradient
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In diffusion although molecules collide randomly, the net movement is (toward, away from) the place with the most collisions.
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away from
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Electrical or pressure gradients affect the diffusion rate. Name three other factors that affect it as well.
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Steepness of concentration
Molecular size Temperature |
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What are the five ways a substance may cross a cell membrane.
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1. Diffusion
2. Passive transport 3. Active transport 4. Endocytosis 5. Exocytosis |
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Name four features of transport proteins.
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1. They span the lipid bilayer
2. The interior is open on both sides 3. Change shape when the interact with solute 4. The play roles in acctive and passive transport |
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Name three features of passive transport proteins
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1. The flow of solutes through the interior of passive transport proteins is down the concentration gradient.
2. They allow solutes to move both ways 3. Does not require any energy input |
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Name four features of active transport proteins.
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1. The net diffusion of solute is against the concentration gradient
2. The transport protein must be activated. 3. ATP gives up a phosphate to activate protein. 4. Binding of ATP changes the protein shape and affinity for solute. |
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What is osmosis?
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A diffusion of water molecules across a plasma membrane.
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What determines the direction of flow in osmosis?
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The water concentration gradient.
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(T/F) The side with the solute molecules has the lowest water concentration.
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True
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What does tonicity refer to?
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The relative solute concentrations of two fluids.
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Hypertonic fluids have _______ solutes.
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more
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Isotonic fluids have _______
solutes. |
equal
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Hypotonic fluids have ______
solutes. |
less
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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The pressure exerted by fluid on the walls that contain it.
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The (greater/lower) the solute concentration of fluids the greater the hydrostatic pressure.
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greater
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What is osmatic pressure?
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The amount of pressure necessary to prevent further increase of a solutions volume.
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What happens in exocytosis?
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A cytoplasmic vessicle fuses with the plasma membrane of contents and are released outside the cell.
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What happens in endocytosis?
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A small patch of plasma membrane sinks inward and seals back on itself, forming a vessicle inside the cytoplasm.
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