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23 Cards in this Set

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Olive Branch Petition
- (APPROVED ONE LAST CONCILIATORY APPEAL TO THE KING) colonists came to believe that the British government was forcing them toward independence by rejecting the Olive Branch Petition which was adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1775 in an attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain. it affirmed American loyalty to GB and entreated the king to prevent further conflict. It was rejected and the colonies were formally declared in rebellion by the Proclamation of Rebellion. (were persuaded to enact on the Prohibitory Act.)
Prohibitory Act
- closed the colonies to all overseas trade and made no concessions to American demands except an offer to pardon repentant rebels. NAVAL BLOCKADE ON COLONIAL PORTS.
Common Sense
- The author was Thomas Paine who had emigrated from England to America. He failed in many trades but now proved a brilliant success as a revolutionary propagandist. Paine wanted to turn the anger of Americans away from the specific parliamentary measures they were resisting and toward what he considered the root of the problem THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION ITSELF. He believed that the king and his system were to be blamed and he believed it was common sense for Americans to break completely with a government that could produce so corrupt a monarch as George III. (the island kingdom of England was no more fit to rule the American continent, than a satellite was fit to rule the sun.)
Declaration of Independence
- Thomas Jefferson wrote most of it with help from Benjamin Franklin and John Adams. According to Adams, Jefferson mostly said things that had been expressed throughout colonies in other local “declaration of independence” (meetings, organizations, grand juries, Sons of Liberty and colonial assemblies). First, the Declaration restated the familiar contract theory of John Locke but making it to “Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.” In the second part, the Declaration listed the alleged crimes of the king, who, with the backing of Parliament, had violated his “contract” with the colonists and thus had forfeited all claim and loyalty. The phrase “all men are created equal” helped reform The French Revolution’s own Declaration of Rights of Man.
Thomas Jefferson
- he was the 3rd president, the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, one of the most influential Founding Fathers, he is known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the US and he envisioned to counter the imperialism of the Britsh Empire with his Republicanism. (Pay off all debts to establish credit of the new nation, Payments of debt would bind bondholders to the new government, Agreed that credit with foreign nations depended upon payment of foreign debts in full, Opposed the Bank because it resembled the aristocratic Bank of England and favored the financial interests of the Northeast, The Constitution did not give Congress explicit power to create a bank, Expected a revolt form the Western farmers who had largely ignored the Articles of Confederation, National government had to display its power to coerce people into compliance, Opposed a tax which penalized the small farmer and purposely provoked an opportunity to demonstrate the power of the new government at the expense of potential Jefferson supporters, Opposed a tax to promote industrialization, Recognized need to protect infant industries during the early industrial revolution, Reflected this view and those of many others that farmers were the “chosen people”, Favored the French, Insisted that the French Revolution embodied the same principles for which the American Revolution had been fought, Believe “the liberty of the whole earth” depended on the survival of the French Revolutionary Republic)
George Mason
- (1725-1792) an American patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the US Constitutional Convention. he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights." he is considered one of the founding fathers in the US. he pressed for the addition of explicit states rights and individual right to the US constitution and therefore not signed the document. HIS EFFORTS LED TO THE ADDITION OF THE TEN AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTITUTION (BILL OF RIGHTS.) JEFFERSON BORROWED THE "ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL FROM MASON!
Continental Congress
- it was a convention of delegates from the thirteen colonies that became the governing body of the US during the American Revolution. in the first continental congress, they met in philadelphia, pennsylvania, were 56 delegates met. many were not ready to break away from Britain but did want for the parliament to act more fairly. the delegates organized an economic boycott of great britain, in protest and petitioned the king for a redress of grievances. in the second continental congress, they met in philadelphia and the american revolution had begun. Congress established the Continental Army, coordinated the war effort, issued the Declaration of Independence and designed a new govt.in the Articles of Confederation which was ratified.
Articles of Confederation
- it was the first constitution of the US and specified how the national govt. should operate. The Articles of Confederation gave power to Congress to give it authority to conduct wars and foreign relations and to appropriate, borrow and issue money but it did not have power to regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes directly on people. For troops and taxes it had to make formal requests and most often they refused them. The president of the United States was merely the presiding officer at the sessions of Congress. At least 9 of the states had to approve any important measure, but ALL 13 had to approve any amendment of the Articles. The Article of Confederations had disagreements in which all thirteen colonies had to approve. SMALL STATES wanted equal state representations to be based on population while LARGER STATES wanted representation to be based on population. States claiming western lands wished to keep them but the rest demanded that such territory be turned over to the national government. It LACKED powers to deal with interstate issues or to enforce its will on the states and it had little stature in the eyes of the world. (they little more than confrim the weak decentralized system,)
George Washington
- he led the American victory over Britain in the American Revolution as a commander in chief of the Continental Army. he built a strong financial national government. HE AND HIS ARMY SUFFERED FROM SHORT FOOD. IT WAS AOBVIOUS THAT THERE WAS A NEED DUE TO THE DECENTRALIZED SYSTEM AND TEHREFORE WASHIGNTON WAS THE LEADER OF THE CONTINENTAL ARMY. HE WAS FAITHFUL THROUGHOUT HIS LEADERSHIP AND RECEIVED AID FROM FOREIGNERS.) HOLDED NATION TOGETHER!
Bunker Hill
- it was a battle that took place during the American Revolution. (BREED'S HILL) Patriots suffered severe casualties in this battle and were ultimately driven from their position there. On the other hand, the enemy, which was the British, suffered their heaviest casualties of the entire war.
General Thomas Gage
- Thomas Gage commanding the British garrison, knew of the military preparations in the countryside but considered his army too small to do anything until reinforcements arrived. He did not believe that the Americans would back down before anything happened. Major John Pitcairn insisted that a single “small action” of like burning down a few towns would “set everything to rights”. When General Gage received orders from England to arrest the rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock who had been known to be in the vicinity of Lexington, he hesitated but when he heard that the minutemen had stored a large supply of gunpowder in Concord 18 miles from Boston) he al last decided to act. On April 18, 1775 he sent about 1,000 soldiers out from Boston on the road to Lexington and Concord. He wanted to surprise the colonials and seize the illegal supplies without bloodshed.
Hessians
- foreign mercenaries (the hated Hessians) soldiers were 18th cent. German regiments hired through their rules by the British Empire. they were used in several conflicts but were most widely associated with combat operations in the American Revolutionary War.
Lord Cornwallis
- Lord Cornwallis crushed the Patriot force under Horatio Gates and Congress gave the southern command to Nathanael Greene, a Quaker and former blacksmith from Rhode Island to take Gates’ place. At King’s Mountain, a band of Patriot riflemen from the backwoods killed, wounded and captured an entire force of 1,100 New York and South Carolina Tories that Cornwallis was using as auxiliaries. He first retreated to Wilmington to receive supplies being sent to him by sea but then Clinton was concerned for the army’s safety and ordered him to be between the York and James Rivers and wait for ships to carry his troops to New York or Charleston. George Washington along with Count Jean Baptiste de Rochambeau (commander of the French expeditionary force in America) and Admiral Francois Joseph Paul de Grasse (commander of French fleet) set out to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown. The joint operations perfectly timed and executed caught Cornwallis between land and sea. Cornwallis claiming to be ill when a band playing the tune “ The World Turn’d Upside Down” sent a deputy who surrendered the British Army of more than 7,000 men
Nathanael Greene
- a Quaker and former blacksmith from Rhode Island to take Gates’ place. At King’s Mountain, a band of Patriot riflemen from the backwoods killed, wounded and captured an entire force of 1,100 New York and South Carolina Tories that Cornwallis was using as auxiliaries. When Greene arrived, he divided the American forces and one of the contingents inflicted “a very unexpected and severe blow”. Greene then combined all his forces and met the British at ground of his own choosing (Guilford Court House). Then Greene withdrew from the field and since Cornwallis had lost so many men, he decided to abandon the Carolina campaign.
John Adams
- he helped write the peace treaty. he was a federalists and one of the founding fathers. he persuaded Congress to declare independence and assisted Jefferson in the declaration of independence. he recieved loans from Amsterdam bankers.
John Jay
- (1745-1829) he was a founding father and the 1st chief Justice of the United States. he was the President of the Continental Congress, during the American Revolution he was an ambassador to Spain and France, helping fashion US foreign policy, and secure peace terms from the United Kingdom (with Jay's Treaty) and the First French Republic. CO-WROTE THE FEDERALISTS PAPERS (ESSAYS) WITH HAMILTON AND MADISON. Governor of New York.
Treaty of Paris 1783
- On September 3, 1783, both Spain and France agreed to end hostilities by the Treaty of Paris. The United States got from the southern boundary of Canada to the northern boundary of Florida from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Americans celebrated as the last of the British occupation forces embarked from New York and General Washington, at the head of his troops, rode triumphantly into the city.
Women during war time
- women stayed behind and worked on the field their husbands left when they went to war but some of the woman went to Patriot armies to join their relatives because theyw ere either driven out due to economic necessity or from smallpox. they wer known and "camp followers" and although they were knwon to be disruptive they came to good use because they did some of the cooking, laundary and nursing. some woman did not just do wman tasks but also took up men's job and arms.
Abigail Adams
- (1744-1818) was the wife of John Adams, who was the 2nd president of the US and the mother of John Quincy Adams. she wrote many letters to her husband while he stayed in philadelphia,pennsylvania during the continental congress. her letters were filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. they are eye witness accounts of the Revolutionary War home from as well as excellent sources of political commentary. SHE TOLD HER HUSBAND TO NOT PUT SUCH UNLIMITED POWER INTO THE HANDS OF THE HUSBANDS.
Civic Virtue
- it is the cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community. the term civility refers to the behavior between persns and groups that conforms to a social moe, as itself being a foundational principle of society and law. THE IMPORTANCE OF CIVIC VIRTUE WAS THAT THE SUCCESS OF A GOVERNMENT DEPENDED ON THE NATURE OFCIVIC VIRTUE BECAUSE IT WAS BEST TO HAVE POWER FROM THE PEOPLE RATHER THAN FROM ONE SUPREME AUTHORITY,
Ordinance of 1784
- The number of whites living west of the Appalachian was 120,000 by 1790 and the Confederation wanted to include these settlements in the political structure of the new nation. The Ordinance of 1784 was proposed by Thomas Jefferson and divided the west into 10 Self-governing districts which could petition Congress for statehood when its population equaled the # of free inhabitants of the smallest existing state. (Wanted to avoid second-class citizens in subordinate territories) they assumed that unhappiness was due to experience as colonists under British rule.
North West Ordinance
- Many could not afford the price of land and Congress therefore sold much of the valuable land to Ohio and Scioto Companies. This led to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 in which they abandoned the ten districts established in 1784 and created a single Northwest Territory out of the lands north of Ohio. (This would be divided into 3 or 5 territories) Population minimum was 60,000, freedom of religion and the right to trial by jury, prohibited slavery.
Shay's Rebellion
- Many farmers rioted in various parts of New England and many rallied behind Daniel Shays who was a former captain of the Continental army. Shays issued demands that included paper money, tax relief, moratorium on debts, and the relocation of the state capital from Boston to the interior and the abolition of imprisonments for debt. SHAYSITES wanted to prevent the collection of debts and therefore, used force to keep courts from sitting and sheriffs from selling confiscated property. Samuel Adams wanted to destroy the Shays and when winter came, the rebels advanced to Springfield and destroyed Shay’s army. At first Shay and his rebellions were sentenced to death but were later pardoned and had their debt payments postponed. ALL THIS LED TO THE MOVEMENT TO PRODUCE A NEW NATIONAL CONSTITUTION.