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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what fraction of college students believe in ET's list them in their dreams? |
1/5 |
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sleep paralysis |
strange experience of being unable to move just after falling asleep or immediately upon awakening. |
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what fraction of college students have sleep paralysis |
1/3 to 1/2 |
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how does sleep paralysis happen? |
it is caused by disruption in the sleep cycle and is often associated with anxiety or even terror, feelings of vibrations, humming noises, and the eerie sense of menacing figures close to or on top of the immobile person. |
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what do people in Thailand think sleep paralysis is? |
a ghost |
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what do people in Newfoundland think sleep paralysis is? |
an "old hag" |
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what does Susan Blackmore say the latest myth is for sleep paralysis? |
alien adduction |
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consciousness |
our subjective experience of the world and ourselves |
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example of consciousness |
what you lose when you fall into a deep sleep at night and what you gain when you wake up in the morning. |
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what percent of our waking hours mind - wandering, fantasizing, and flitting from one task- irrelevant or dream like thought to another? |
30% |
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what fraction of our lives do we spend in a specific conscious state? |
1/3 |
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what do some theories say about our sleep? |
that it plays a critical role in storing memories and remembering emotional information. Also that it is critical for the immune system. |
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circadian rhythm |
is a term for changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many of our biological processes, including hormone relate, brain waves, body temp, and drowsiness. |
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biological clock |
responsible for controlling our levels of alertness |
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how many neurons are located in the hypothalamus? |
20,000 |
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what does melatonin do? |
it triggers feelings of sleepiness, increase after dark. |
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what happens when humans biological clocks are disrupted? |
disturbs sleep and increases the risk of injuires and can cause diabetes and heart disease. |
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what does melatonin play a role in? |
regulating circadian rhythms. |
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how much sleep do humans need? |
7 to 10 hours of sleep |
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how much sleep do new borns need? |
16 hours over the whole course of the day |
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what happens to people that have DEC2? |
they can sleep for only 6 hours and not crash during the day - only 1% of people. |
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what can sleep deprivation do? |
seeing and hearing people - weight gain, increase of high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart problems |
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what was the cause of the 1991 person Gulf war, when soldiers mistook their comrades for the enemy, resulting in senseless casualties? |
sleep deprivation |
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who sleeps less African-Americans or whites? |
African-Americans |
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who discovered rapid eye movement? |
Aserinksy and Kreitman |
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Rapid eye movement (REM) |
darting of the eyes underneath closed eyelids during sleep. |
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who found out that when we sleep we pass repeatedly through five pages every night. |
Kreitman and William Dement |
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how long does each cycle last when you are sleeping |
90 mintues |
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Stage one |
light sleep, lasts for 5 to 10 mintues |
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how often do theta waves occur? |
they occur four to seven times per second |
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how often do beta waves occur? |
they occur 13 more times per second produced during active alert states |
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how often do alpha waves occur? |
they occur 12 times per second when were quiet and relaxed |
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hypnagogic imagery |
is scrambled, bizarre, and dream-like images that flit in and out of consciousness. |
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stage two |
brain waves slow down even more |
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how often do sleep spindles occur |
12-14 cycles a second ` |
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stage 3 |
about 10-30 minutes, light sleep gibes way to much deeper slow-wave sleep. |
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delta waves |
slow as one to two cycles a second |
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what does alcohol do to delta waves? |
it suppresses them |
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stage 5 |
after 15-30 mintues |
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rem sleep |
stage of sleep during which the brain is most active and during which vivid dreaming most often occurs |
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non- REM (NREM) sleep |
stages 1 through 4 of the sleep cycle, during which rapid eye movement do not occur and dreaming is less frequent and vivd |
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activation-synthesis theory |
the role of the forebrain in dreaming |
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neurocognitive theory |
theory that dreams are meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about |
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hallucinations |
realistic perceptual expericens in the absence of any external stimuli, and they can occur in any sensory modality.
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how can visual hallucinations happen |
oxygen and sensory deprivation, epilepsy, fever, dementia, and migraine headaches. |
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auditory hallucinations |
can occur when patients mistakenly attribute their thoughts, or inner speech, to an external source. |
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out of body experience (OBE) |
sense of our consciousness leaving our body |
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what percent of people have out of body experience |
25% |
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near-death experiences (NDEs) |
people who have nearly died or thought they were going to die. |
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how can NDE be triggered |
electrical stimulation lack of oxygen psychedelic |
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mystical experiences |
feelings of unity or oneness with the world, often with strong spiritual overtones |
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hypnosis |
is a set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions and sensations, thoughts, feelings, memories, and behaviors. |
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induction method |
typically includes suggestions for relaxation, calmness, and well-being, along with instrustions to imagine or think about pleasant experiences. |
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sociocognitive theory |
peoples attitudes, beliefs, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to walking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis. |
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dissociation theory |
is an influential alternative to sociocognitive theories of hypnosis. |
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past life regression therapy |
therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and supposedly age-regresses patients to a previous life to identify the source of a present-day problem. |
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psychoactive drugs |
substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in our brains that later consciousness by changing chemical processes in neurons. |
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substance use disorder |
when they experience recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drugs. |
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tolerance |
key feature of substance use disorder, occurs when people need to consume an increased amount of a drug to achieve intoxication. |
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withdrawl |
symptoms that vary with the drug they use. |
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physical dependence |
when they continue to take it to avoid withdrawal symptoms. |
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psychological dependence |
when their continued use of a drug is motivated by intense cravings. |
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sedative |
calming
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hypnotic |
sleep-induing |
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stimulants |
Nicotine cocaine and amphetamines.
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narcotics |
relieve pain and induce sleep. |
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What rhythm refers tp the cyclical changes to our biological processes that occur on a 24-hour basis |
circadian |
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analyses of contents of tens of thousands of dreams demonstrated that adult dreams are to a great extent occupy |
emotional concerns, preoccupations and everyday activities. |
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a drugs that enhances positive emotional reactions and minimizes negative ones, like nicotine, is said to have |
adjustive value |
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most people experiences dreams in higher what emotions ? |
negative |
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hypnosis increases the amount of information we recall most of this information is |
inaccurate |
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how many non-REM stages of sleep occur before the vivd dreaming stage of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep? |
4 |
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sometimes people who suffer from narcolepsy also experience what |
cataplexy |
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a mutation in which agent causes a distinctly unpleasant respond to alcohol, such as nausea, facial flushing, and heart palpitations? |
ALDH2 |
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What is described as feeling at one with the world, usually in a spiritual way? |
mystical experience |
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many dream theories purpose that dreams reflect the circumstances of our lives. but what studies have shown that this is not, in fact, true. |
disable people
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chronic heavy use of marijuana can impair |
attention and memory |
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traveling across times zones can disrupt a person's biological clock, resulting in a phenomenon commonly called? |
jet leg |
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sigmund freud made a distinction between what dreams seem to be about and what they were really about. he called this hidden meaning |
latent content |
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placebo studies show that much of what we think of as "drunken behavior" is strongly influenced by |
culturally learned expectations |
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which theory suggests that dreams are complex cognitive achievements that develop as our visual imagination and other advanced cognitive abilities develop? |
neurocognitive |
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the phenomenon of "jambs vu" is sometimes seen in neurological disorders like amnesia and epilepsy. in this condition, people report experiencing |
something that should be familiar as unfamiliar |
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what does hypnotist use to increase peoples suggestibility |
induction method |
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sleep apnea causes airways to become blocked during sleep. this condition leads to |
multiple awakenings during the night |
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according to domhoff which is the single most frequent dream dreamed? |
being chases or pursued |
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the auditory hallucinations go psychotics differ from those of well-functioning non psychotics in that they are much more? |
negative |
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cocaine increases the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine and perhaps |
serotonin |
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if you know that you are dreaming the you are dreaming, you are experiencing a |
lucid dream |
