Chapter 5

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

a person's subjective awareness, including thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

Front 2

Circannual rhythm

Back 2

a rhythm that happens yearly

literally means a yearly cycle

Front 3

Circadian rhythms

Back 3

driven daily cycles of approximately 24 hours affecting physiological and behavioral processes

example is to be hungry

Front 4

Suprahiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Back 4

relays messages and signals about light levels with the pineal gland

Front 5

Polysomnography

Back 5

refers to a set of objective measurements used to examine physiological variables during sleep

Front 6

REM Sleep

Back 6

a stage of sleep characterized by quickening brain waves, inhibited body movement , and rapid eye movements

Front 7

Restore and repair hypothesis

Back 7

the idea that the body needs to restore energy levels and repair any wear and tear on the body from the day's activities

Front 8

preserve and protect hypothesis

Back 8

suggests that two more adaptive functions of sleep are preserving energy and protecting the organism from harm

Front 9

Sleep deprivation

Back 9

occurs when an individual cannot or does not sleep

Front 10

Sleep displacement

Back 10

occurs when an individual is prevented from sleeping at the normal time although she may be able to sleep earlier or later in the day than usual

Front 11

Jet Lag

Back 11

is the discomfort a person feels when sleep cycles are out of synchronization with light and darkness

Front 12

manifest content

Back 12

the images and storylines that we dream about - actually involve sexuality and aggression

Front 13

latent content

Back 13

the actual symbolic meaning of a dream built on suppressed sexual or aggression urges

Front 14

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Back 14

suggests that dreams arise from brain activity originating from bursts of excitation messages from the brainstem

Front 15

problem-solving theory

Back 15

the theory that thoughts and concepts are continuous from waking to sleep and that dreams may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems encountered while awake

Front 16

Insomnia

Back 16

a disorder characterized by an extreme lack of sleep

Front 17

Onset insomnia

Back 17

occurs when a person has trouble falling asleep

Front 18

Maintenance insomnia

Back 18

occurs when an individual cannot easily return to sleep after waking in the night

Front 19

terminal insomnia

Back 19

occurs when a person wakes up too early, sometimes hours too early and cannot return to sleep

Front 20

Primary insomnia

Back 20

when a person arises due to an internal source and is not the result of another disorder

possibly because they are worrying about the day

Front 21

Secondary insomnia

Back 21

the results of other disorders, such as depression, physical problems or substances like caffeine

Front 22

Nightmares

Back 22

which are particularly vivid and disturbing dreams that occur during REM sleep

Front 23

Night terrors

Back 23

intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken the individual, typically in a heightened emotional state

the person may call out, scream, or even leap out of bed

Front 24

restless leg syndrome

Back 24

persistent feeling of discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift them into different positions

Front 25

Somnambulism (sleepwalking)

Back 25

a disorder that involves wandering and performing other activities while asleep

Front 26

Sleep apnea (without breathing)

Back 26

a disorder characterized by the temporary inability to breathe during sleep

Front 27

Narcolepsy

Back 27

a disorder in which a person experiences extreme daytime sleepiness and even sleep attacks

Front 28

Sleep state misperception (SSM)

Back 28

a condition in which a person underestimates her amount of sleep on a regular basis

Front 29

Positive sleep state misperception

Back 29

occurs when individuals regularly overestimate their sleep

Front 30

Hypnosis

Back 30

a procedure of inducing a heightened state of suggestibility

Front 31

Ideomotor suggestions

Back 31

related to specific actions that could be performed such as adopting a specific position

Front 32

Challenge suggestions

Back 32

indicate actions that are not to be performed so that the subject appears to lose the ability to perform an action

Front 33

Cognitive-perceptual suggestions

Back 33

are to remember or forget, or to experience altered perceptions such as reduced pain sensations

Front 34

Dissociation theory

Back 34

explains hypnosis as a unique state at which consciousness is divided into two parts

an observer and a hidden observer

Front 35

Social-cognitive theory

Back 35

explains hypnosis by emphasizing the degree to which beliefs and expectations contribute to increased suggestibility

Front 36

Meditation

Back 36

is any procedure that involves a shift in consciousness to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware, and in control of mental processes

Front 37

Deja vu

Back 37

a distinct feeling of having seen or experienced a situation that is impossible or unlikely to have previously occurred

Front 38

Coma

Back 38

is a state marked by a complete loss of consciousness

Front 39

Persistent Vegetative State (PVS)

Back 39

a state of minimal to no consciousness in which the patient's eyes may be open and the individual will develop sleep and wake cycles without any clear signs of consciousness

Front 40

Minimally conscious state (MCS)

Back 40

a disordered state of consciousness marked by the ability to show some behaviors that suggest at least partial consciousness, even if on an inconsistent basis

Front 41

Psychoactive drugs

Back 41

substances that affect thinking, behavior, perception, and emotion

Front 42

Stimulants

Back 42

a category of drugs that speed up nervous system, typically enhancing wakefulness and alertness

Front 43

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Back 43

typically classified as a stimulant but also has hallucinogenic effects

Front 44

Hallucinogenic drugs

Back 44

substances that produce perceptual distortions

Front 45

Marijuana

Back 45

a drug comprising the leaves and buds of the Cannabis plant that produces a combination of hallucinogenic, stimulant, and relaxing (narotic) effects

Front 46

Opiates (narcotics)

Back 46

drugs such as heroin and morphine that reduce pain and induce extremely intense feelings of euphoria

Front 47

Sedative drugs

Back 47

sometimes referred to as "downers"

depress activity of the central nervous system

Front 48

Tolerance

Back 48

occurs when repeated use of a drug results in a need for a higher dose to get the intended effect

Front 49

Dependence

Back 49

refers to the need to take a drug to ward off unpleasant physical withdrawal symptoms

Front 50

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Back 50

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