Chapter 5-6 American Revolution

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olive branch petition

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adopted by the Continental Congress in July 1775. in hopes of avoiding war with britain. The petition was rejected. in august 1775 colonies declared a rebellion by proclamation of rebellion.

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prohibitory act

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passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in her American colonies, creating the american revolutionary war. It declared and provided for a naval blockade against American ports.

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common sense pamphlet

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written by thomas paine. It was first published anonymously on January 10, 1776, during the American Revolution. presented the American colonists with a powerful argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided.

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declaration of independence

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adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration is a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain, more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War. included a list of mistreatments

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thomas jefferson

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(April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)was the third President of the United States (1801–1809) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Jefferson was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, known for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.

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george mason

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(December 11, 1725 – October 7, 1792) was an American patriot, statesman, and delegate from Virginia to the U.S. Constitutional Convention. Along with James Madison, he is called the "Father of the Bill of Rights."considered one of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States

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continental congress

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a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. The Congress met from 1774 to 1789 in three incarnations. met briefly in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1774, consisted of fifty-six delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States of America.

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articles of confederation

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the first constitution of the United States of America and specified how the national government was to operate. The Second Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft the Articles in June 1776 and sent the draft to the states for ratification in November 1777.In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in 1777.

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george washington

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February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775–1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental Army, 1775–1783, and presiding over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. As the unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States (1789–1797), he developed the forms and rituals of government that have been used ever since, and built a strong, well-financed national government that avoided war, suppressed rebellion and won acceptance among Americans of all types.

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bunker hill

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The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after the adjacent Bunker Hill, which was peripherally involved in the battle and was the original objective of both colonial and British troops, and is occasionally referred to as the "Battle of Breed's Hill."

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general thomas gage

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(1719 or 1720 – April 2, 1787) was a British general, best known for his role in the early days of the American War of Independence.
Born to an aristocratic family in England, he entered military service, seeing action in the French and Indian War, where he served alongside a future opponent, George Washington. After the fall of Montreal in 1760, he was named its military governor.

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hessians

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soldiers were eighteenth-century German regiments hired through their rulers by the British Empire. Though used in several conflicts, they are most widely associated with combat operations in the American Revolutionary War.

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lord Cornwallis

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(31 December 1738 – 5 October 1805), was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. In the United States and United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His 1781 surrender to a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America.

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Nathanael greene

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(August 7, 1742 – June 19, 1786) was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer. Many places in the United States are named for him.

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john adams

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(October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, diplomat and political theorist. A leading champion of independence in 1776, he was the second President of the United States (1797–1801). A conservative Federalist, he was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.

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john jay

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(December 12, 1745 – May 17, 1829) was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, and the first Chief Justice of the United States (1789 - 95).
Jay served as the President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779. During and after the American Revolution, Jay was a minister to Spain and France, helping to fashion United States foreign policy, and to secure favorable peace terms from the United Kingdom (with Jay's Treaty of 1794) and the First French Republic. co-wrote the Federalist Papers, along with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

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treaty of paris

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signed on September 3, 1783, ratified by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, and by the King of Great Britain on April 9, 1784 (the ratification documents were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784), formally ended the American Revolutionary War between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States of America, which had rebelled against British rule.

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women during war time

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vuy;v

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abigail adams

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November 11, 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth. She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States.

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civic virtue

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the cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community. The identification of the character traits that constitute civic virtue have been a major concern of political philosophy.

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oridnance of 1784

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(enacted April 23, 1784) called for the land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River to be divided into separate states. However, it did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states

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northwest ordinance

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known as the Freedom Ordinance was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River. On August 7, 1789, the U.S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution.

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shay's rebellion

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an armed uprising in central and western Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolution who led the rebels, known as "Shaysites" or "Regulators". Most of Shays' compatriots were poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the government.

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Alexander Hamilton

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(January 11, 1755 – July 12, 1804) was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. Aide-de-camp to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War, he was a leader of nationalist forces calling for a new Constitution; he was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington Administration, especially the funding of the state debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain.

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the founding fathers

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he political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 or otherwise took part in the American Revolution in winning American independence from Great Britain, or who participated in framing and adopting the United States Constitution in 1787-1788, or in putting the new government under the Constitution into effect.

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the virginia plan

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a proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.

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the great compromise

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an agreement between large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.

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james madison

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(March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.In 1788, he wrote over a third of the Federalist Papers, the most influential commentary on the Constitution. The first president to have served in the United States Congress, he was a leader in the 1st United States Congress,

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sovereignty

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the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory.can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided.

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separation of power

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model for the governance of both democratic & federative states. The model was first developed in ancient Greece and came into widespread use by the Roman Republic as part of the unmodified Constitution of the Roman Republic. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is into an executive, a legislature, and a judiciary.

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federalists

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describes several political beliefs around the world. may refer to the concept of federalism or the type of government called a federation. In early United States history, the Federalist Party was one of the first political parties; its members or supporters called themselves Federalists

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anti-federalists

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political philosophy which opposes the concept of Federalism. In short, Anti-Federalists dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states (state government).

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the federalist paper

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series of 85 articles or essays advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. Seventy-seven of the essays were published serially in The Independent Journal and The New York Packet between October 1787 and August 1788.

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the bill of rights

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list of the most important rights of the citizens of a country. The purpose of these bills is to protect those rights against infringement by the government. The term "bill of rights" originates from England, where it referred to the Bill of Rights 1689.

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the cabinet

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composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States. Its existence dates back to the first American President, George Washington, who appointed a Cabinet of four people (Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson; Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; Secretary of War Henry Knox; and Attorney General Edmund Randolph) to advise and assist him in his duties. Cabinet officers are nominated by the President and then presented to the United States Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority.

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bank of the united states 1790's

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fdigu

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whiskey rebellion

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tax protest in Pennsylvania in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. The conflict was rooted in western dissatisfaction with a 1791 excise tax on whiskey. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to centralize and fund the national debt. From the national perspective the issue was how laws passed by the Congress would be enforced.

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citizen genet

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also known as Edmond-Charles Genêt (January 8, 1763 – July 14, 1834) was a French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution.

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jay's treaty

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treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war,solving many issues left over from the American Revolution and the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and opening ten or more years of mostly peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars that had began in 1793.

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pinckney's treaty

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also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Thomas Pinckney negotiated the treaty for the United States and Don Manuel de Godoy represented Spain.

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the quasi war

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undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict was sometimes also referred to as the Franco-American War,

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the XYZ affair

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diplomatic event that strained relations between France and the United States, and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi-War. It took place from March of 1798 to 1800.

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alien and sedition acts

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four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to prevent seditious attacks from weakening the government.

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virginia and kentucky resolutions

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political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures resolved to not abide by Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the Acts were unconstitutional and therefore void, and in doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. They were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, respectively.

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aaron burr

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(February 6, 1756 – September 14, 1836) served as the third Vice President of the United States (1801–1805) under President Thomas Jefferson, and was the first Vice President to never serve as President. He fought in the Revolutionary War, was an important political figure in the nation's early history, and spent much of his career after politics engaging in a number of controversial adventures.

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the judiciary act of 1801

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The United States Judiciary Act of 1802 (2 Stat. 156) was a Federal statute, enacted on April 29, 1802, to reorganize the federal court system. It restored some elements of the Judiciary Act of 1801, which had been adopted by the Federalist majority in the previous Congress, but was repealed by the Democratic-Republican majority earlier in 1802.