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Chapter 5 - The Human Body

Chapter 5 - The Human Body

by Bob-Breznak, Sep. 2014

Subjects: emt, emt-b, a&p

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189 Cards in this Set

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	Anatomic Position	Refrence position Paitent facing you Palms out Arms at the side
	Coronal Plane	Frontal plane Divides the body front and back.
	Sagittal Plane	Lateral Plane Divides the body left and right.
	Transverse Plane	Axial Plane Divides the body top and bottom
	Midsagittal Plane	Midline The sagittal plane that runs from nose to navel.
	Midclavicular line	Anterior sagittal line that intersects the middle of the clavicle
	Midscapular line	Posterioir sagittal line that intersects the middle of the scapula
	Superior	Top The portion that is closer to the head. Opposite of inferior.
	Inferior	Bottom The portion that is close to the feet. Opposite of superior
	Lateral	Outer Lie further from the midline. Opposite of medial
	Medial	Inner Lie closer to the midline. Opposite of lateral.
	Proximal	Closer to the trunk. Opposite of distal.
	Distal	Further from the trunk. Opposite of proximal.
	Superficial	Closer or on the skin. Opposite of deep.
	Deep	Further inside the body. Opposite of superficial.
	Ventral	Anterior or belly side. Opposite of dorsal.
	Dorsal	Posterior or spine side. Opposite of ventral.
	Anterior	Ventral or belly side. Opposite of posterior.
	Posterior	Dorsal or spine side. Opposite of anterior.
	Palmar	Front of the hand. Relating to the palm.
	Plantar	Surface of the foot; relating to the sole.
	Apex	The tip of a structure. Opposite of base.
	Base	The blunt part of a structure. Opposite apex.
	Flexion	Bending of a joint. Opposite extension.
	Extension	Straightening of a joint. Opposite flexion.
	Adduction	Motion toward the midline
	Abduction	Motion away from the midline.
	Bilateral	Appearing on both sides of the midline. (i.e. eyes, ears, etc...)
	Unilateral	Appearing on one side of the midline. (i.e. heart, liver or stroke pain / paralysis)
	Prone position	Face down position Limits access to airway and chest
	Supine position	Face up position Most common for spinal immobilization
	Trendelenburg position	Feet elevated 6" - 12" higher than the head. May use a backboard or strecher. Not really used much today.
	Semi-Fowler position	Sitting up without knees bent
	Fowler's position	Seated upright with knees bent. Most effective position for paitents with repiratory distress
	Modified Trendelenburg position	Shock position Legs elevated bent at hips; torso and head level. More common.
	Left Lateral Recumbent position	Recovery position Patient lies on the left side. Useful for patients who are at rist for vomiting. Common for suspected stroke
	Right Lateral Recumbent position	Patient lies on the right side
	Torso	Trunk of the body
	Body Regions	Head Neck Thorax Abdomin Pelvis Extremities
	Body Systems	Musculoskeletal Respiratory Circulatory Nervous Integumentary Digestive Urinary Reproductive Endocrine
	Integumentary system	Skin
	Endocrine system	Hormones
	Ligament	A band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint.
	Tendon	Flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen which connects muscles to bones.
	Cartilage	Flexible connective tissue Acts as a cushion within joints Not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle
	Axial Skeleton	Foundation where the arms and legs are hung. Skull Face Thoracic cage Vertebra column
	Appendicular Skeleton	Rest of the skeleton Arms Legs Pelvis
	Skull	Cranium Facial bones
	Cranium	Comprised of 4 thick bones, fused bones above the eyes and ear to protect the brain. Occiput Temporal Parietal Frontal Sphenoid Foramen magnum
	Fontanelles	Soft spots on the top of an infant's head where the bones have not fuzed together.
	Foramen Magnum	Latin for "Hole that is big" Base of skull Where the spinal cord passes Only major opening in the cranium Swelling of the brain due to trauma or infection can push the brainstem though ("herniation")
	Frontal bone	Forehead
	Sphenoid	Basilar skull Middle of the skull towards the front Resembles a butterfly Forms the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and anterior wall of the cranium Fractured by significant head trauma Fracture may allow leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the airway
	Occiput bone	Most posterior part of the cranium
	Temporal bone	Temples Lateral portion of the cranium
	Parietal bone	Sides and crown of the head
	Facial bones	14 bones total. Surround the sensory organs Provide shape for the upper airway. Includes: 1x Mandible 2x Maxillae 2x Zygoma 2x Nasal bone
	Mandible	Jawbone largest, strongest and lowest bone in the face
	Maxillae	Two maxilla bones forming the upper jaw and palate of the mouth
	Zygomatic bone	Cheekbone / malar bone largest, strongest and lowest bone in the face
	Nasal bone	Bridge of the nose
	Orbit	Eye Socket Made up two facial bones (maxilla and zygoma) and the frontal bone from the cranium Solid bony rim Protrudes around the eye
	Head & Neck Topography	Parietal region Temporal region Occipital region Mastoid process Temporomandibular joint Zygomatic region Frontal region Orbit Maxillae Mandible Larynx Trachea Suprasternal (jugular) notch
	Mastoid process	A protrusion of the temporal bone
	Temporomandibular joint	TMJ The joint between the between the mandible and temporal bone
	Spinal Column	33 vertebrae Grouped into 5 sections Each named according to the section and number from the top down Each vertabrae is connected by ligiment Between each is the intervertebral disk Supports the body Encases the spinal canal Nerves branch from the spinal cord between vertebrae to the rest of the body Includes: 7x Cervical spine: C1-C7 12x Thoracic spine: T1-T12 5x Lumbar spine: L1-L5 5x Sacrum: S1-S5 4x Coccyx
	Cervical spine	First 7 vertebrae (C1-C7) The skull rests on C1 (Atlas) and articulates with it
	Thoracic spine	12 vertebrae 1 pair of ribs is attached to each one
	Lumbar spine	5 vertebrae Largest segments of the vertebral column Help support the weight of the body, and permit movement Spinal cord ends between L1-L2 and extends to individual nerves to pelvis and legs
	Sacrum	5 vertebrae Fuzed together to form one bone Joined to the iliac bones of the pelvis
	Coccyx	Tailbone Last 4 vertebrae Fuzed together
	Thorax	Thoratic cavity / Chest Formed by the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) and their 12 pairs of ribs. Inferior boundry is the diaphragm Contains Heart Lungs Great vessels (aorta and two venae cavae) Esophagus
	Great Vessels	Aorta and two venae cavae
	Sternum	Brestplate Along the midline of the chest 3 components: Mandibrim, Body and Xiphoid process Ribs T1-T10 are directly attached, T11 & T12 are "floating"
	Suprasternal Notch	Jugular Notch At the superior border of the sternum Where the trachea enters the chest
	Mandibrim	Upper section of the sternum
	Sternum Body	Majority of the sternum Mostly flat
	Xiphoid process	A narrow cartilaginous tip inferior to the body of Sternum
	Upper extremity	From the shoulder girdle to the finger tips Bones: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carples, Metacarples, Phalanges Muscles: Biceps & Triceps Arteries: Brachial, Radiual, Ulnar
	Shoulder Girdle	Shoulder Joint Comprised of 3 bones: Clavicle, Scapula and Humerus
	Clavicle	Collar Bone Only bony attachment of the upper extremity to the axial skeleton A strut between the scapula and the sternum Only long bone in the body that lies horizontally
	Scapula	Shoulder blade Connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle Only connected via ligiments and muscle on the posterior of the thoracic wall
	Humerus	Upper Arm Long bone that runs from the shoulder to the elbow
	Radius	Rotates around the ulna and the far end Extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist Runs parallel to the ulna
	Ulna	Runs parallel to the radius Located medially compaired to the radius
	Hand	Comprised of: 8x Carpals 5x Metacarpals 14x Phalanges
	Carpals	Wrist Modifed ball and socket joint
	Metacarpals	Hand bones
	Phalanges	Fingers / digits Three in each finger, two in thumb Distal, Intermediate, Proximal
	Bicep	Flexes the forearm at the elbow Supinates the forearm
	Tricep	Large muscle on the back of the upper limb Extends the elbow joint
	Brachial artery	The major blood vessel of the upper arm between the elbow and wrist
	Radial artery	The main artery of the lateral forearm
	Ulnar artery	The main artery of the medial forearm
	Abdominal cavity	Space below the diaphragm and above the rim of the pelvis
	Quadrants	The 4 equal regions, centered around the umbilicus, that the abdominal cavity is divided into. Most organs can be palpatated or assessed in some way at the abdomen Kidneys and spleen are retroperitoneal
	RUQ	Right Upper Quadrant Liver Right Kidney Gall Bladder Colon Pancreas
	RLQ	Right Lower Quadrant Appendix Colon Small Intestine
	LUQ	Left Upper Quadrant Stomach Left Kidney Spleen Colon Pancreas
	LLQ	Left Lower Quadrant Colon Small Intestine
	Peritoneum	Double membrane that reduces friction between moving organs Kidneys and spleen are retroperitoneal; behind the peritoneum
	Visceral Organs	Solid Organs Have an abundant blood supply If injured will cause significant bleeding Include: Adrenial gland Liver Spleen Pancreas Kidneys Overies
	Hollow Organs	Will bleed less when injured Will spill contents into the abdomin Include: Bile duct Stomach Gall bladder Small & large intestines Appendix Urinary bladder
	Pelvis	Closed bony ring that consists of three bones: the sacrum and the two pelvic bones. Joined posteriorly by the sacrum Anteriorly left and right pubis bones are joined (pubic symphysis) Connects with the Femur
	Pelvic bone	Hip bone Formed by fusing three separate bones Ilium Publis Ischium
	Pubic Symphysis	$The anterior joint of the two pubis bones in the pelvis. Has a small bit of cartilage to allow for some movement. Pressure during an exam can reveal life threatening fractures$ The anterior joint of the two pubis bones in the pelvis. Has a small bit of cartilage to allow for some movement. Pressure during an exam can reveal life threatening fractures
	Iliac crest	the superior border of the wing of ilium and the superolateral margin of the greater pelvis.
	Acetabulum	Hip joint Ball-joint where the head of the femur fits into the pelvis
	Lower Extremity	Bones: Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges Arteries: Femoral
	Femur	Most proximal lower extremity bone Strongest bone in the body Longest bone in the body
	Patella	Kneecap Covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint
	Tibia	Shinbone
	Fibula
	Foot	Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
	Tarsals
	Metatarsals
	Phalanges
	Femoral Artery	The main arterial supply to the lower limb.
	Articulation	Joint Where two bones come in contact Made up of the two bones and supporting tissue
	Symphysis	A fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones that creates a slightly movable joint. (e.g. the pubic symphysis)
	Joint capsule	An envelope made of ligaments that surrounding the ends of two bones. Thin and flexable in some spot around the edges to allow for motion Thick and rigid in other spots to resist motion
	Sacroiliac joint	The joint in between the sacrum and the ilium Surrounded by tough, thick ligaments with little motion
	Synovial membrane	The inner lining of the joint capsule Responsible for producing a thick lubricant
	Synovial fluid	A thick lubricant that allow the bones to glide over each other.
	Ball-and-socket joint	A joint that allows for rotation and bending
	Hinge joint	A joint that allows for motion in one plane Can only flex and straighten
	Pivot Joint
	Skeletal system	206 bones total Give the body shape Protect organs Allow for movement Store and release calcium and other minerals Creates blood
	Musculoskeletal system	Locomotion system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body inclues bones and voulntary muscles protects vital organs
	Muscles	More than 600 soft tissues Contain protein filaments of actin and myosin which slide past one another to produce a contraction 3 major types: Smooth, Cardiac and Skeletal
	Involuntary muscle	Smooth and Cardiac muscle Carry out automatic functions No direct control & respond to stimuli (streching, breathing, etc...)
	Smooth muscle	Involuntary muscle Two sub-groups; the single-unit (unitary) and multiunit smooth muscle Found in walls of tubular structures to controll flow (i.e. GI tract, urinary system, etc...) Contraction of muscles narrows the diameter of the structure
	Cardiac muscle	Involuntary muscle Found only in the heart Coroary arteries supply blood and are sensitive to O2 deprivation Electrical systems controls heart rate Rely on an available blood and electrical supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products such as carbon dioxide
	Skeletal muscle	Voluntary muscle Attaches to the bones Forms the major muscle masses Under direct voluntary control of the brain Generally found as antagonistic pairs
	Antagonistic pairs	Muscle groups that work against each other to provide full range of motion (i.e. bicep & tricep)
	Pectoral	Pecs Thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest Flexes and rotates arms
	Latissimus dorsi	Lats larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm Extends and rotates the arms
	Rectus abdominis	Abs long flat muscle, which extends along the whole length of the front of the abdomen Flexes and rotates spine
	Tibialis anterior	Anterior tibia Points toes towards head
	Gastrocnemius	a very powerful superficial bipennate muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg Points toes away from head
	Quadriceps	Quads large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh Extends lower leg
	Biceps femoris	muscle of the posterior (the back) thigh Flexes lower leg
	Gluteus	three muscles in each buttock that move the thigh, the largest of which is the gluteus maximus Extends and rotate leg
	Pronation	Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces poisteriorly or down
	Supination	Rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly or up
	Dorsiflexion	Flexion of the entire foot superiorly (point toes up)
	Plantar flexion	Flexion of the entire foot down (point toes down)
	Eversion	Movement of the sole away from the midline Probably a broken bone
	Inversion	Movement of the sole towards the midline Probably a rolled ankle
	Respitory system	All of the structures in the body that contribute to breathing. Includes the mouth, nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
	Upper airway	Located anteriorly and medinaly Inferior border is at the larynx
	Pharynx	Throat Divided into 3 parts: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx
	Nasopharynx	The space above the soft palate at the back of the nose and connects the nose to the mouth
	Oropharynx	The throat at the back of the mouth
	Laryngopharynx	Sits behind and on either side of the larynx
	Larynx	Voice box
	Epiglottis	Seals off trachea during swallowing to send food and liquids down the esophagus. Thin leaf shape
	Hyoid bone	Supports tongue Unique from the other bones, its not attached to any other bones
	Thyroid cartilage	Adams Apple
	Cricoid cartilage	* Only full ring of cartilage in the upper airway * Location for using the Sellick maneuver
	Cricothyroid Membrane	* Can be felt as a depression in the midline of the neck * Where a needle device can be inserted
	Trachea	* Apart of the lower airway * About 5" long semi-rigid tube * Supported by incomplete rings of cartilage * Ends at the carina and divides into two smaller tubes
	Mainstem Bronchi	* Labeled Left and Right * Tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
	Bronchi	* progressively smaller branches off of the Mainstem * 3 Major on the Right, 2 on the Left
	Bronchiole	* Lowest level division of Bronchi * Have tiny sacs called alveoli
	Lung	Held in place by the trachea, arteries and veins and pulmonary ligaments Divided into lobes. 3 on the right, two on the left
	Alveoli	Where the exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs Functional unit of respiration Walls contain a network of tiny blood vessels (pulmonary capillaries) that exchange CO2 for O2 in the blood
	Pleura	Smooth glistening tissue Covers each lung and the chest cavity Between the two layers is a small amount of fluid for gliding
	Parietal pleura	The lining in the chest wall
	Visceral pleura	The outside covering of the lungs
	Pleural Space	Potential space Space between the lungs and the chest wall Very thin and a tiny amount of fluid When the chest cavity expands it pulls pleural surfaces and expands the lungs
	Diaphragm	Dome shaped muscle (like a parachute) The primary muscle in breathing Unique because it has both voluntary and involuntary properties Only pierced by the great vessels and esophagus
	Negative Pressure Breathing	Breathing caused by the Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles and pectoral muscles contracting which forms a negative space in the chest cavity which then pulls the lungs open and vaccumes air into the lungs.
	Ventilation	Movement of air between the lungs and the environment.
	Respiration	The process of gas exchange Adding O2 into the blood Removing waste CO2 from the blood Control the blood pH levels
	Inhalation	Air into the lungs Diapragm contracts upwards Intercostal muscles contract ribs up and out Thoracic cavity size increases Air is pulled into the lungs
	Exhalation	Air flows out of the lungs Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax Thorax cavity size decrases Air is pushed out
	Inhaled Air	21% Oxygen 78% Nitrogen
	Exhaled Air	16% Oxygen 79% Nitrogen 3-5% Carbon Dioxide Usues about 25% of the O2 taken in
	Diffusion	A passive process where molicules move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
	Capillary	A site here gas exchange for blood occurs
	Systemic Capillary	The point at which O2 is given to a cell from the blood and waste CO2 is taken
	Pulmonary Capillary	The point at which waste CO2 is given from the blood and O2 from the atmosphere is taken
	Tidal volume	The amount of air exchanged during a single normal breath. About 500 mL About 8% of total lung volume
	Inspiratory reserve volume	IRV The deepest breath that can be taken after a regular breath About 3,100 mL
	Expiratory Reserve Volume	ERV The additional air that can be exhaled after a normal breath About 1,200 mL
	Residual Volume	The gas that remains in the lungs and airway to keep it open about 1,200 mL
	Dead space	The space in the airway that does not have alveoli and therefore does not contribute to blood gas exchange
	Lung Capacity

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