Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
social interaction
|
the ways in which people respond to one another
|
|
|
social structure
|
the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships
|
|
|
status
|
any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society, from lowest to highest
|
|
|
ascribed status
|
a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
-ex: 20 yr old, female, daugther |
|
|
acheived status
|
a social position that is within our power to change
-ex. president, prison guard |
|
|
master status
|
a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society
-ex. Arthur Ashe, well known for tennis but at the end of his career, he is most well know as a personality with AIDS |
|
|
social role
|
a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
|
|
|
role conflict
|
the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or moer social positions held by the same person
-ex: women works assembly line and then gets promoted to manager, how does she interact with the people who used to be at the same level as her |
|
|
role strain
|
the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
-ex: navajo police officers who get slack from regular police officers or from their native people |
|
|
role exit
|
the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity in order to establish a new role and identity
-ex: ex-nuns, ex-convicts, divorced men and women |
|
|
group
|
any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
|
|
|
primary group
|
a small group characterized by intimate, face to face assocaition and cooperation
|
|
|
secondary group
|
a formal impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
-more instrumental or goal directed -little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
|
|
in-group
|
any group or category to which people feel they belong
|
|
|
out-group
|
a group or category to which people feel they do not belong
|
|
|
reference group
|
any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
|
|
|
coalition
|
a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal
|
|
|
social network
|
a series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
|
|
|
avatar
|
a person's online representation as a character, whether in the form of a 2D, 3D image or simply through text
|
|
|
social insitution
|
an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
|
|
|
bureaucracy
|
a component of formal organizational that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to acheive efficiency
|
|
|
ideal type
|
a construct or model for evaluating specific cases
|
|
|
alienation
|
loss fo control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers
|
|
|
trained incapactiy
|
the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems
|
|
|
goal displacement
|
over-zealous conformity to official regulations of a bureacracy
|
|
|
Peter principle
|
a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
|
|
|
bureacratization
|
the process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency
|
|
|
McDonaldization
|
the process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making, in the US, and around the world
|
|
|
iron law of oligarchy
|
a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals
|
|
|
classical theory
|
an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as ebing motivated almost entirely by economic rewards
|
|
|
scientific management approach
|
another name for the classical theory of formal organizations
|
|
|
human relations approach
|
emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization
|
|
|
Gemeinschaft
|
a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members
|
|
|
Gesellschaft
|
a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little committment to the group or census on values
|
|
|
mechanical solidarity
|
social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change
|
|
|
organic solidarity
|
a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor
|
|
|
hunting and gathering society
|
a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive
|
|
|
horticultural society
|
a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods
|
|
|
agrarian society
|
the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crops yields through technological innovations such as the plow
|
|
|
industrial society
|
a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
|
|
|
postindustrial society
|
a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processes and control of information
|
