Chapter 5

Front 1

circulation

Back 1

action; condition movement in a circular route . circulation of blood occurs throught two different pathways. the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.

Front 2

systemic circulation

Back 2

pertaining to the body as a whole . Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and everywhere in the body except the lungs.

Front 3

pulmonary circulation

Back 3

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins going to, within, and coming from the lungs.

Front 4

cardiopulmonary

Back 4

reflects the close connection between the heart and lungs.

Front 5

sinoartrial node

Back 5

sino/o- hollow cavity; channel atri/o- atrium (upper heart champer) -al pertaining to also known as the pacemaker of the heart (small area in the posterior wall of the right atrium), inititates the electrical impulse the begins each heartbeat. this impulse causes both atria to contract simultaneously.the impulse then travels through the atrioventricular node.

Front 6

atrioventricular node (AV node)

Back 6

a small area in the right atrium near the interatrial septum, through the bumdle of his,

Front 7

ectopic

Back 7

pertaining to outside of a place controls the comduction system and produce an abnormal heart rhythm.

Front 8

depolarization

Back 8

de- reversal of; without polar/o- positive or negative state -ization the process of making; creating; or inserting

Front 9

repolarization

Back 9

to end a contraction of the heart positive potassium ions diffuse out of the cell while molecular pumps sodium and some calcium ions out of the cell and move the rest of the calcium ions storage within the cell. this restores the slightly negative charge of a resting myocardial cell.

Front 10

refractory period

Back 10

short period of time when the myocardium is unresponsive to electrical impulses.

Front 11

bundle of his

Back 11

part of the conduction system of the heart after the AV node. It splits into the right and left bundke branches.

Front 12

diastole

Back 12

resting period between contractions.

Front 13

systole

Back 13

contraction of the atria or the ventricles.

Front 14

acute coronary syndrome

Back 14

category that incluses acute ischemia of the myocardium (because of a blood clot or artherosclersis blacking blood flow through a cornary artery) with unstable angiana pectoris.

Front 15

angina pectoris

Back 15

mild-to-severe chest pain caused by ischemia of the mycardium. atherosclerosis blocks the flow of oxygenated blood through the coronary artries to the mycardium. there can be a crushing pressure-like sensation in the chest,with pain extending up into the neck or down the left arm, often accompanied by extrem sweating and senes of doom.

Front 16

cardiomegaly

Back 16

enlargement of the heart,usually due to congestive heart failure.

Front 17

cardiomyopathy

Back 17

any diease condition of the heart muscle thath includes heart enlargement and heart failure.

Front 18

congestive heart failure (CHF)

Back 18

inablitiy of the heart to pump sufficient amount of blood .it is caused by coronary artery disease or hypertension,

Front 19

myocardial infraction (MI)

Back 19

Death of myocardial cells due to sever ischemia. the flow of oxygenated blood in a coronary artery is blocked by a blood clot or artherosclerosis. the patient may experience severe angina pectoris. may have mild symptoms similar to indgestion or may have no symptoms at all(a silent MI).

Front 20

necrosis

Back 20

necr/o- dead calls,tissue, or body -osis condition; abnormal condition; process

Front 21

endocarditis

Back 21

inflammation and bacterial infection of the endocardium linning a heart valve. this occurs in patients who have a structural defect of the valve. bacteria from an infection elsewhere in teh body travles throught the blood are trapped by the structure defect and causes infection.

Front 22

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 22

structural abnormality on which the leaflets of the mitral vavle do not close tightly.this can be a congenital condition or can occur if the valves is damaged by infection.

Front 23

regurgitation

Back 23

blood flows back into the left atrium with each contraction. a slight prolapse is a common condition and does not require treatment.

Front 24

murmur

Back 24

abnormal heart sound crearted by turbulence as blood leaks through a defective heart valve. Murmurs are descrinbed according to their volume(soft or loud), their sounds and when they occur.

Front 25

pericarditis

Back 25

inflammation or infection of the pericardial sac with an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid. when the fluid compresses the heart and prevents it from beating .

Front 26

rheumatic heart disease

Back 26

autoimmune response to a previous streptococcal infection, such as a strep throat. Rheumatic heart disease occurs most often in children and is known as rheumatic fever.

Front 27

vegetations

Back 27

irregular collection of platelets fibrin and bacteria form on the valves.

Front 28

stenosis

Back 28

narrowing or constriction

Front 29

arrhythmia

Back 29

any type of irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart. it is also known as dysrythmia.

Front 30

bradycardia

Back 30

arrythmia in which the heart beats too slowly.

Front 31

fibrillation

Back 31

arrhythmia in which there is very fast uncoordinated quovering of the myocardium . it can affect the atria or ventricles. Ventricular fibrilation a life-threating emerglency in which the heart is unable to pump blood, can prgress to cardiac arrest.

Front 32

flutter

Back 32

arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm (250 beats per minute). of the artia or ventricles. the chambers of the heart do not have time to completely fill with blood before the next contraction.flutter can progress to fibrillation.

Front 33

heart block

Back 33

arrhythmia in which electrical impulses cannot travel normally from the SA node to the purkinje fibers.

Front 34

permature contraction

Back 34

arrhythmia in which there are one or more extra contractions within a cardiac cycle.

Front 35

sick sinus syndrome

Back 35

arrhythmia in which bradycardia alternates with tachycardia. it occurs when the sinottial node and an ectopic site elsewhere in the myocardium take turns being the heart pacemaker.

Front 36

tachycardia

Back 36

arrhythmai in which there is a fast but regular rhythm (up to 200 beats/minute).

Front 37

asystole

Back 37

complete absence of a heartbeat. also known as cardiac arrest.

Front 38

palpitation

Back 38

anuncomfortable sensation felt in the chest during a permature contraction of the heart. it is often described as a "thump".

Front 39

aneurysm

Back 39

area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery. This can be congenital or where arteriosclerosis has damaged the artery. with each heartbeat the weakened artery wall balloons outward. an aneurysm can rupture without warning.

Front 40

arteriosclerosis

Back 40

progressive degenerative changes that produce a narrowed hardened artery.

Front 41

artheroma

Back 41

soft fatty substance; tumor or mass

Front 42

artheromatous (plaque)

Back 42

fatty deposit or mass

Front 43

arteriosclerotic

Back 43

as plaque grows on an artery wall it makes the lumen narrower and narrower. harding of the artery.

Front 44

bruit

Back 44

a harsh rushing sound made by blood passing through an artery narrowed and roughened by artherosclerosis. the bruit can be heard when a stethoscope is placed over the artery.

Front 45

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Back 45

arteriosclerosis of the coronary arteries. They are filled with atheromatous plaque, and their narrowed lumens cannot carry enough oxygenated blood to the myacardium.

Front 46

hyperlipidemia

Back 46

elevated levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. lipids include cholesterol and triglycerides.

Front 47

hypertension (HTN)

Back 47

elevated blood presure. Normal blood presure readings in an adult are less than 120/80 mm Hg. those between 120/80 and 140/90 are categorized as prehypertension. blood presure above 140/90 are categorized as hypertensive.

Front 48

hypotension

Back 48

blood presure lower than 90/60 usually becuase of a loss of blood volume.

Front 49

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Back 49

atherosclerosis of the arteries in the legs. Blood flow (perfusion) to theextremities is poor and there is ischemia of the tissue. While walking the patient experiences pain in the calf. in sever PAD the feet and the toes remain cool and cyanotic and may become necrotic as the tissue die.

Front 50

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Back 50

any disease of the arteries of the extremities. it includes peripheral artery disease as well as Raynsud's disease.

Front 51

phlebitis

Back 51

inflammation of a vein usually accompanied by infection. the area around the vein is painful. and the skin may show a red streak that follows the course of the vein. a severe inflammation can partially occlude the vein and slow the flow of blood.

Front 52

thrombophlebitis

Back 52

phlebitis with formation of a thrombus,(blood clot).

Front 53

Raynaud's disease

Back 53

sudden sever vasoconstriction and spasm of the arterioles in the fingers and toes, often triggered by cold or emotional upset. They become white or cyanotic and numb for minutes or hours until the attack passes.

Front 54

varicose veins

Back 54

damaged or incompetent valves in a vein. They allow blood to flow backward and collect in the preceding section of the vein. the vein becomes distened with blood,twisting and bulging under the surface of the skin. can becaused by phlebitis, injury, long period of sitting with the legs crossed, or occupations that require constant standing, also durning pregnancy.

Front 55

cardiac enzymes

Back 55

test to measure the levels of enzymes that are released into the blood when myocardial cells die during a mtocardial infraction. (these enztmes are not released during angina pectoris.)the higher the levels the more sever the nucardial infraction and the larger the area of infarct.

Front 56

creatine kinase (CK)

Back 56

found in all muscle cells

Front 57

creatin phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

Back 57

is found in many differnt cells including the heart. The LDH level begins to rise 12 hours after a myocardial infraction. an elevated LDH can support the CK-MB results but cannot be the only basis for a diagnosis of myocardial infraction.cardiac enzymes are measured every few hours for several days.

Front 58

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Back 58

test to measure the levels of inflammation in the body. inflammation from sites other than the cardiovascular system (such as inflammation of the gums or from a chronic urinary tract infection). can produce inflammation of the walls of the blood vessels. this can lead to blood clot formation and a myocardial fifraction.

Front 59

homocysteine

Back 59

test included as part of a cardiac risk assessment. an elevated level increases the patients rick of a heart attack or stroke.

Front 60

lipid profile

Back 60

test that provised a comprehensive picture of the levels in the blood of cholesterol and triglycerides and their lipoprotines carriers. (HDL,LDL,VLDL).

Front 61

troponin

Back 61

test to mesure the level of two proteins that are released into the blood when myocardial cells die. Troponin I and troponin T are only found in the myocardium. The troponin levels begin to rise 4-6 hours after a myocardial infraction. more importantly the remain elevated for up to 10 days. so they can be used to diagnose a myocardial infraction many days after it occured.

Front 62

cardiac catheterization

Back 62

procedure performed to study the anatomy and pressures in the heart. a catheter is inserted into the femoral or brachial vein and threaded to the right atrium. it is used to recors right heart pressure. then radiopaque contrast dye is injevted throught the catheter to outline the chambers of the heart.

Front 63

cardiac exercise stress test

Back 63

procedure performed to evelavte the hearts response to exercise in patients with chest pain, palpations, or arrhythmia.

Front 64

electrocardiography (ECG,EKG)

Back 64

procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart . Electrodes are placed on the limbs to send the electrical impluses of the heart to the ECG machine. EKG electrodes placed on the chest are known as the precordial leades 12 differnt leades that show the electrical activity between differnt combinations of electrides to give an electrical picture of the heart from 12 diffrent angles.

Front 65

electrophyslologic study (EPS)

Back 65

procedure to map the hearts conduction system in a patient with an arrhythmia. the catheters send a ekectrical impulses to stimulate the heart and try to induce an arrhythmia to pinpoint where the arrhythmia is originating from in the heart.

Front 66

hlter monitor

Back 66

procedure during which the patients heart rate and rhythm are continuously monitored as an outpatient for 24 hours, the patient wears electrodes attached to a small pertable ECG monitor. the patient also keeps a diary of activies meals and symptoms.

Front 67

pharmacologic stress test

Back 67

test performed in patients who cannot exercise vigorously. A vasodilator drug such as adenosine or dipyridamole is given to causes normal coronary arteries to dilate. occluded arteries cannot dilate and this stresses the heart ina away that is similar to an excise care unit or intensive care unit.

Front 68

telemetry

Back 68

procedure to monitor a patients heart rate and rhythm in the hospital. the patient wears electrodes connected to a sevice that continuoisly transmits an ECG tracing to a central monitoring station usually in teh coronary care unit or intensive care unit.

Front 69

angiography

Back 69

procedure in which radiopaque contrast dye is injected into a blood vessel to fill and outline it. it shows blockage, narrowing areas or aneuysms. also weakended valves and dilated walls.

Front 70

echocardiography

Back 70

procedure that uses a transd;ucer to produce ultra high frequency sound waves (ultra sound) that are bounces off the heart to create an image.creates a real time picture of the heart and its chambers and valves as it contracts and relaxes.

Front 71

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan

Back 71

nucler medicine procedure that uses the radoactive tracer technetium 99m. first pyophosphate is injected intravenously to allow red blood cells to bind with technetium-99m then technetium -99 is injected. a gamma camera records gamma rays emitted by the technetium-99m bounds to red blood cells. the camra is coordinates with the patients ECG so that inages of the heart chambers are taken at various times.

Front 72

myocardial perfusion scan

Back 72

nuclear mediciane procedure that combines a cardiac exericse stress test with intravenous injections of a radioactive tracer. the radioactive tracer collects in those parts of the myocardium that have the best perfusion. a gamma camera records gamma rays emitted by the tadioactive tracer and creates a two-dimensional image of the heart. areas of decreased uptake indicates poor perfusion from a blocked coronary artery.

Front 73

single-photon emission computed tomography scan (SPECT)

Back 73

during a myocardial perfusion or a MUGA scan the gamma camera is normally kept in a stationary posistion above the patients chest. the gamma camera is moved in a circle around the patient then this becomes a SPECT scan.

Front 74

ausculation

Back 74

listen with a stethoscope.

Front 75

cardioversion

Back 75

procedure used to treat an arrhythmia( atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, or ventricular tachycardia) that cannot be treated with antiarrhythmic drugs.two large hand held paddles are placed on either side of the patients chest. the machine generates an electrical shock coordinated to the QRS complex of the patients heart to restore the heart to a normal rhythm.

Front 76

sclerotherapy

Back 76

procedure in which a sclerosing drug(liquid or foam) is injected into a varicose vein. the drug cause irrtation and inflammation that later becomes fibrosis that occludes the vein. the blood flow is diverted to another vein and the varicose vein is no longer distended.

Front 77

vital signs

Back 77

pulse respriations blood pressure

Front 78

sphygmomanometer

Back 78

instrument used to measure a blood pressure

Front 79

systolic pressure

Back 79

contracting top number

Front 80

diastolic pressure

Back 80

dilating bottom number

Front 81

aneurysmectomy

Back 81

remove an aneurysm and repair the defect in the artery wall if an aneurysm involves a large segment of artery, a flexible tubular synthetic graft is used to replace the segment.

Front 82

cardiopulmonary bypass

Back 82

technique used during open heart surgery in which the patients blood is rerouted through a cannula in the femoral vein to a heart lumg machine. There the blood is oxygenated carbon dioxide and waste products are removed. and the blood is pumped back into the patients body through a cannula in the femoral artery.

Front 83

carotid endarterectomy

Back 83

Procedure to remove plaque from an occluded carotid artery it is used to treat carotid stenosis due to artherosclerosis.

Front 84

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Back 84

procedure to bypass an occluded coronary artery and restore blood flow to the myocardium. a blood vessel is used as the bypass graft.

Front 85

anastomosis

Back 85

the suturning of one blood vessel to another.

Front 86

heart transplantation

Back 86

surgical procedure to remove a severly damaged heart from a patient with end-stage heart failur and insert a new heart from a donor. patient is matched by blood type and tissue type to the donor. heart transplant patients must take immuno-suppresent drugs for the rest of their lives to keep their bodies from rejecting to forgien tissue of their new heart.

Front 87

pacemaker insertion

Back 87

procedure in which an automated device is implantes to control the heart rate and rhythm. a pacemaker uses a wire positioned on the heart to coordinate the heartbeat with an electrical impulse.

Front 88

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Back 88

procedure to reconstruct an artery that is narrowed because of artherosclerosis. also known as balloon angioplasty. stent are also used.

Front 89

pericardiocentesis

Back 89

procedure that uses a needle to puncture the pericardium and withdraw inflammatory fluid accumulated in the pericardial sac. it is used to treat pericarditis and cardiac tamponade.

Front 90

valve replacement

Back 90

surgical procedure to replace a severly damaged or prolapsed heart valve. there is several types of prosthetic heart valves that can be used.

Front 91

xenograft

Back 91

a heart valve that comes from a animal.

Front 92

valvoplasty

Back 92

surgical procedure to reconstruct a heart valve to correct stenosis or prolapse.

Front 93

valvulotome

Back 93

to cut the valve also known as a valvuloplasty.