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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does the spinal chord run through
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The spinal column
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what does the spinal chord do
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Carries info to the brain from the internal and external sensor and conveys info from the brain to muscle glands
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what are solely processed in the spinal chord
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Some nerve circuits such as reflexes
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what is a reflex or reflex?
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the simplest type of nerve circuit
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how any cells do the simplest type of nerve circuit have
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2
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what is a sensory neuron
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Receives info
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what is a motor neuron
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Signals the effector cell to carry out the response
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where are interneurons located
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Between the sensor and motor neurons
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what are the drain and spinal cord protected by
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The meninges
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what are the meninges
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A set of three membranes
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what are the membranes
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The plamater the arachniod mater and the durmater
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what is the brain incased in
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the cranium
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what is the cerebrospinal fluid
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Surrounds the brain and spinal cord and ventricles In the brain
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what does the csf do
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Shock absorber conveys nutrients hormones and whit e blood cells
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what is csf chemically similar to
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Blood plasma
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what does cns have well defined regions of
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White and gray matter
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what is white matter
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Consists of myelinated axons
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what is gray matter
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Consists of dendrites unmyelinated axons
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what are glial cells
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support cells for the neuron
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what are oligodendrocyte
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Glial ells in the central nervous system that produce myelination along axons
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what are astrocytes
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Provide support and regulate concentrations of neurotransmitter and extracellular fluid
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what are radial cells
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Along with astrocytes can act as stem cells
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in embroes radial cell produce what
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Tracks alogn which theneurons migrate fro the neural tube fro mteh CNS
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what is the Schwann cell
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Gliail cells in the peripheral NS
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what do they both produce
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The myelin sheath that surround sthe azon of many neurons
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what is the myelin sheath composed of
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Mostly of lipids
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what does the plasma membranes of the cell do
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Wraps around the axon extending intothe myelin sheath
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what does it provide
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Insulation for the neurons increasing the speed of the impulse
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what do astrocytes provide
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Structural and metabolic support in the mature cns
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what does they induce
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The formation oftight junction between cpapillary cells
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what results from these tight junctions
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Blood brain barrier
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what do these junctions regulate
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The molecules that enter the cerebral spinal fluid
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what is the peripheral nervous system
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All the neres outside central nerous system
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what are afferent nerves
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Carry sensory info to CNS
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what are efferent nerves
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Carry info from the central nervous system to muscles and organs
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what are efferent nerves consisted of
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the somatic and autosomatic nerves
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what two sets of nerves are the autonomic nervous system divided into
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic
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where do the neurons that make up the sympathetic division come from/
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Thoracic and lumbar rgions of the spinal cord
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what does the sympathetic use
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Norepinepment and coordinates fight or flight
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what are the ten actions on target organs for the sympathetic
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Dilation of pupils, inhibits salivary glands, relaxes glands, relaxes bronchi, increase heart rate, inhibits activity of the stomach and intestines, inhibits pancreatic activity, inhibits gall bladder, stimulates the release of glucose by the liver, stimulates adrenal medullar, inhibits the emptying of the bladder, promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions
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what does the parasympathetic use
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acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
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where are the neurons of the division
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Out of the brain stem and sacral region
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what does this division help with
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The body conserve energy by slowing the heart rate and increasing intestinal absorption
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what are the actions on target organs for parasympathetic
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Constrict pupils stimulate salivary glands constrict bronchi slow heart rate stimulate stomach and intestinal activity stimulate gall bladder promotes the emptying of the bladder and promotes erection of the genitals
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what are the three main parts of the brain
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Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
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what is hindbrain
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Forms a cap for the spinal cord and integrates and processes incoming and outgoing info
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what does the midbrain do
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Relays sensory info organizes movements and regulates attention
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what is the forebrain involved in?
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sensations perception movement learning memory and mood
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what are the three parts of the hindbrain
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Pons, medulla oblongata, an cerebellum
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what are the pons and medulla crossroads for
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Info from the spinal cord
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what does the medulla regulate
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Breathing and blood circulation
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what does the cerebellum do
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Coordinates sensory info and motor instructions and is important for balance and hand eye coordination
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what does the midbrain do
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processes visual and auditor info and is important in moving the head and neck towards visual stimuli
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what does the sunstantia nigra initiate
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Movement
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What happens when the substantia nigra is damaged?
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can cause Parkinson’s
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What makes up the brain stem
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The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
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What is the reticular information
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Network of nerves running through the brain stem
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What does the reticular information receive
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Sensory info from the entire brain
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What does the reticular information regulate
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Arousal and attention sleeping and dreaming
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What does the reticular information work with
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The cerebral cortex
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What is the job of these two
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Prevent sensory overload by filtering out familiar and repetitive information
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What is the forebrain
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Region of most conscious behavior
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What are the two parts of the forebrain
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Diencephalon and the cerebral hemispheres
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What are the two parts of the diencephalon
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Thalamus and the hypothalamus
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What does the thalamus do
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Integrates info from the internal environment
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What does the hypothalamus do
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Integrates info from the internal environment
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What is the inner lay composed of
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White matter myelinate axons
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What does the hypothalamus regulate
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Body temp eating and drinking growth response to stress mating and pleasure
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Where do nerve endings from the hypothalamus extend into to
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posterior pituitary
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What does the hypothalamus produce
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Hormones that affect the anterior pituitary and the brain
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What does each cerebral hemisphere consist of
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A thin surface layerc alled the cerebral cortex and series if underlying structures
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What is the cortex composed of
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Both white and gray matter
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What is the outer layer made of
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Gray matter composed of neurons glial and unmelinated neuron extensions
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What are gyri
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The folds of the brain
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What are suici
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The grooves of the brain
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What do the gyri and suici do
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Divide each hemisphere into the four lobes, the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
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What does the frontal lobe deal with
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The sense of smell and with movement
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What doe the parietal lobe deal with
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Somatic sensation
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What does the occipital lobe deal with
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Vision
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What does the temporal lobe deal with
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Hearing and the formation of memories
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Where the hippocampus
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Below the temporal lobe
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What is the hippocampus involved with
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The first step in the formation of memories
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Where do the lobes receive info from
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Thalamus
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Where do the lobes send out info to
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Other parts of the brain or spinal cord
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What is the associative cortex
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Processes both sensory input and motor output
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Where is the amygdale
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Below the cortex
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What does the amygdale coordinate
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Autoanomic responses related to emotion
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What does the basal ganglia establish
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Patterns of movement
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What is the corpus callosum
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The connection between the two hemispheres
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What is memory
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The storage of knowledge
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What are the two stages memory is stored in
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Short term ad long term
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What are short term memories
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Experiences within the previous few seconds with an be wiped from memory by trauma
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What is long term memory
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Stabilized memories that remain in the brain even after trauma
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