Chapter 46 Organismal And Ecological Biology

Front 1

What is Respiration?

Back 1

1. The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment

2. Continuous supply of oxygen is necessary for cells to function

Front 2

How do we make ATP

Back 2

Cellular Respiration

Front 3

What is Diffusion?

Back 3

1. The passive movement of particles (gases from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

2. Small aquatic organisms undergo gas exchange entirely by simple diffusion

3. Animals have specialized respiratory structure that deliver oxygen to cells and facilitate excretion of carbon dioxide

Front 4

What are the Pros and Cons of Gas exchange in Air vs. Water

Back 4

Pros: (1) Higher concentration of oxygen (2) Oxygen diffuses faster (3) Respiration requires less energy

Cons: Gas exchange must take place across a moist surface, so water loss is an issue.

Front 5

What are some adaptation for gas exchange

Back 5

1. Structures must be moist, and have thin walls through which diffusion can easily occur.

2. As organisms get bigger they need a larger surface area for efficient gas exchange

Front 6

What are the 4 types of respiratory surfaces

Back 6

1. body surface

2. Tracheal tubes

3. Gills

4. Lungs

Front 7

What is the process of Gas Exchange across the body surface?

Back 7

1. Occurs in small animals with a high surface area to volume ratio

2. Have lower oxygen requirements

3. Terrestrial animals must secrete fluid to keep its body surface moist

Front 8

What is the process of gas exchange across tracheal tubes?

Back 8

Spiracles -->Tracheal tubes --> Tracheoles

Front 9

What organism show gas exchange across tracheal tubes?

Back 9

Grasshopers

Front 10

What organism shows gas exchange across body surface?

Back 10

worms

Front 11

What happens in gas exchange in gills?

Back 11

1. It is a counter current gas exchange

2. Blood flows in capillaries moves in the opposite direction to water flow over gill lamellae

3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move in opposite directions, from higher to lower concentrations by diffusion

4. 80% efficient

Front 12

How does Gas exchange in bird work?

Back 12

1. 1st inhalation brings air into posterior air sacs

2. 1st exhalation brings air into lungs

3. 2nd inhalation brings new air into posterior air sacs and old air into anterior air sacs

4. 2nd exhalation expels old air and brings new air into lungs

Front 13

how does air pass through mammalian respiratory system?

Back 13

Nostril --> nasal cavities--> pharynx --> Larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli

Front 14

How many lobes does the left lung have?

Back 14

2

Front 15

How many lobes does the right lung have?

Back 15

3

Front 16

What cavity are lungs in and what membrane are they covered in?

Back 16

Pleural

Front 17

What is inhalation?

Back 17

breathing in

Front 18

What is exhalation?

Back 18

breathing out

Front 19

What are two ways to increase or decrease thoracic volume?

Back 19

1. contraction of intercostal muscles

2. Contraction of diaphram

Front 20

What does boyle's law state?

Back 20

(Pressure)(volume)/time

( as you breath in your volume of your lungs will increase and due to the more room and the contraction of the diaphragm the pressure will decrease. You take that over time) Vise Versa for exhale

Front 21

What is Tidal Volume?

Back 21

The amount of air moved with each resting breath

Front 22

What is Vital capacity?

Back 22

is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after filling their lungs with air

Front 23

What is Functional residual capacity?

Back 23

the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of normal resting exhalation

Front 24

What is residual volume?

Back 24

the volume of air that remain in the lungs at the end of the maximal expirations

Front 25

What is Total lung capacity?

Back 25

All the air that your lungs could hold

Front 26

What is inspiratory capacity?

Back 26

amount of air that you can take in if you take a deep breath after breathing at a normal rate

Front 27

Expiratory reserve volume?

Back 27

The amount of air you could get rid of after a deep exhale.

Front 28

What can hemoglobin bind to?

Back 28

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen

Front 29

What does the respiratory pigment in vertbrate blood contain?

Back 29

iron

Front 30

Do external intercostal muscles help with inhalation or exhalation?

Back 30

Inhalation

Front 31

What is Hemoglobin?

Back 31

primary vehicle for transporting gases

Front 32

What is the pigment molecule that invertebrate have?

Back 32

Hemocyanin (contains copper)

Front 33

What is oxyhemoglobin?

Back 33

hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen

Front 34

What does it mean for hemoglobin to bind to oxygen reversibly

Back 34

it can bind but it can also unbind (also with carbon)

Front 35

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

Back 35

Made up of two alpha and two beta chains

Front 36

What is oxygen-carrying capacity?

Back 36

maximum amount of oxygen that can be transported by hemoglobin

Front 37

What is oxygen content?

Back 37

Actual amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin

Front 38

What is percent oxygen saturation?

Back 38

1. a ratio of oxygen content to oxygen carrying capacity

Front 39

What does the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve show?

Back 39

the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

Front 40

What is the Bohr effect?

Back 40

Oxygen dissociates more readily from hemoglobin as pH decreases

Front 41

What affects does smoking have on your lungs?

Back 41

1. ciliated mucous lining traps inhaled particles

2. inhaling polluted air results in bronchial constriction

~Increased mucous secretion

~ Damage to ciliated cells

~ Coughing