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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two types of long distance regulators
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endocrine and nervous system
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Hormone means literally
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to excite
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chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system
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Hormone
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Cells that have the correct receptors to respond to a stimuli
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Target cells
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Animals have two systems of internal communication and regulation
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endocrine and nervous system
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Conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons
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Nervous system
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Secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer acting response
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Endocrine system
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The signaling and target cells come in direct contact
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Contact dependent
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Signaling cell only sends stimulus to nearby cells
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Paracrine
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Specialized nerve cells
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neurosecretory
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Release neurohormones in the blood
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neurosecretory cells
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released by neurosecretory cells
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neurohormone cells
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Three types of hormonal control pathway
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simple endocrine
simple neurohormonal simple neuroendocrine |
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simple endocrine pathway
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stimulus--> receptor protein of the endocrine-cell-> endocrine cell releases hormone--> blood stream--> target cells--> response
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simple hormonal pathway
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sitmulus--> hypothalamus/pituitary gland sensory neuron--> neurosecretory cell secretes neurohormone--> blood vessel--> target cell--> response
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simple neuroendocrine pathway
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stimulus--> sensory neuron on hypothalamus--> hypothalamus secretes neurohormones into the blood stream--> neurohormones bind to endocrine cell receptors--> released into the blood stream--> attach to target cell--> response
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3 Major Classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates
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a) Proteins and peptides
b) Amines derived from amino acids c) Steriods |
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Three key events in hormone signaling
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reception
signal transduction response |
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Water soluble signaling
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Binding of a hormone to its receptor-- Indicates a signal
transduction pathway leading to specific responses in the cytoplasm or a change in gene expression |
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water soluble receptor
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Are embedded in the plasma membrane projecting outward from the cell surface
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The same hormone may have different effects on target cells due to
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different receptors
different proteins for carrying out the response different signal transduction pathway |
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Intracellular signaling pathway for Lipid Soluble Hormones
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`Enter target cells and bind to specific protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
The protein receptor complexes then act as transcription factors in the nucleus regulating transcription of specific genes |
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signaling various types of chemical signals elicit Reponses
in nearby target cells |
paracrine
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examples of paracrine regulators
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Neurotransmitters
Cytokines and growth factors Nitric Oxide Prostaglandins |
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help regulate the aggregation of platelets
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Prostaglandins
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region in the lower brain
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hypothalamus
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hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that are acting directly as direct responses are stored in
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posterior pituitary gland
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Induces uterine contractions and milk ejection
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oxytocin
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Oxytocin (function, formed by, acts upon)
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induces unterine contractions, posterior pituitary, uterus
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Posterior pitutiary hormones
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ADH *antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin |
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Trophic Hormones
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Act on other endocrine organs
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Nontrophic
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Act directly on target cells
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The hormones of the of the posterior pituitary gland are
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Oxytocin and ADH
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Oxytocin is
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Nontrophic
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ADH is
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Nontrophic
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a true endocrine gland
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Anterior Pituitary
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4 Strictly Tropic Hormones of the anterior pituitary
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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (lutenizing Hormone) TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) |
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Non-trophic Hormones- produced by the anterior pituitary include
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
Beta Endorphin Prolactin |
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FSH and LH (produced by/ works on/ acts on)
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A. Pituitary
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Hormones that
Stimulates the production of growth factors by other tissues |
Growth Hormones
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Promotes growth
directly and has diverse metabolic effects |
Growth Hormones
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Consist of two lobes located on the ventral surface of the trachea
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Thyroid
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Produces two iodine-containing hormones,of the posterior pituitary
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triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)
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negative feedback loops with the Anterior
pituitary from the thyroid |
T3
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negative feedback loops with the hypothalamus for the thyroid
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T4
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play crucial roles in stimulating metabolism and influencing development and maturation
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Thyroid gland
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functions in calcium homeostasis produced by the thyroid
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calcitonin
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Glands that work together to maintain calcium levels
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Parathyroid and thyroid
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Calcitonin
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Acts on the kidney and bones to deposit calcium thus lowering blood Ca levels
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, secreted by the parathyroid glands
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PTH
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Parathyroid stimulating hormone
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raises blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast to break down bone, kidney up take Ca, and intestine to absorb more Ca
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Secrete insulin and glucagon, antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis and are found in clusters in the
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inlets of Langerhans
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Is produced by alpha cells
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Glucagon
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Is produced in beta cells
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Insulin
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stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
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Glucagon
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Insulin
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Promoting the cellular uptake of glucose Slowing the glycogen breakdown in the liver promotes fat storage
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the best-known endocrine disorder
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Is caused by a dificiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
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Diabetes
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–Is an autoimmune disorder in
which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas |
Diabetes Type I
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is characterized either by
a deficiency of insulin or, more commonly, by reduced responsiveness of target cells due to some change in insulin receptors |
Type II diabetes mellitus
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insulin dependent diabetes
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type 1
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insulin independent diabetes
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type 2
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The adrenal gland lies
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adjacent to the kidneys
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the adrenal gland is composed of the
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adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex
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The adrenal medulla
secretes |
epinephrine and norepinephrine
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epinephrine and norepinephrine are members of a class called
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catecholamines
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secreted in response to stress activated
impulses from the nervous system |
catecholamines from medulla of adrenal gland
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mediates the response of fight or flight
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catecholamines from medulla of adrenal gland
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Three types of steroids from the adrenal cortex
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Glucocorticoids,Mineralocorticoids, Sex hormones
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Influence glucose metabolism and
the immune system |
Glucocorticoids
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Affect salt and water balance
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Mineralocorticoids
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produced in small amounts in the adrenal cortex
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sex hormones
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Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
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1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose
2. Increased blood pressure 3. Increased breathing rate 4. Increased metabolic rate 5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive and kidney activity |
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Effects of
mineralocorticoids: |
1. Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure |
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Effects of
glucocorticoids: |
1. Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
2. Immune system may be suppressed |
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gonads
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testes and ovaries
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Produce most of the body’s sex hormones: androgens, estrogens, and progestins
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gonads
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Bodies sex hormones
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androgens, estrogens and progesterone
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The testes primarily synthesize
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androgens, the main one being testosterone
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causes an increase in muscle and bone mass
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testosterone
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the most important Estrogens
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estradiol
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most important Progestin
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progesterone
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–Are responsible for the
maintenance of the female reproductive system and the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
estradiol
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–Are primarily involved in
preparing and maintaining the uterus |
progesterone
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gland located within the brain
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pineal gland
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Secretes melatonin
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pineal gland
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pineal gland secretes
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melatonin
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melatonin is regulated by
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light and dark cycles
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The primary functions of melatonin
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Appear to be related to biological rhythms associated with reproduction
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