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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 enemy pathogens? |
Bacteria Virus Fungi Protist |
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What are 3 non-pathogens? |
Cancer cells Organ transplant Pollen |
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What is the 1st line of defence? |
Walls and Moats |
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What are walls? |
Physical barriers Ex: skin and mucous membranes |
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What are moats? |
Oils, sweat, stomach acid, saliva, tears and mucous membranes flush surfaces with antimicrobial proteins |
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Name the 5 leukocytes? |
1. Neutrophils (70%) 2. Monocytes (5%) 3. Eosinophils (1.5%) 4. Natural Killer cells 5. Mast cells |
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What do Neutrophils do? |
Respond to cell damage signals via chemotaxis, cells have a short life |
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What do Monocytes do? |
Macrophage that snatches microbes by surface sacchride chain to engulf in a lysozyme-filled vacuole |
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What do Eosinophils do? |
Combat parasitic worms by discharging enzymes |
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What do Natural Killer Cells do? |
Destroy body cells infected with viruses or cancerous cells by lysing of cell membranes |
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What do Mast Cells do? |
Secrete histamine (a hormone) triggering dilation and permeability of capillaries near pathogens, key to inflammation response |
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What are the 6 steps of an inflammatory response? |
1. Tissue damage 2. Precapillary arterioles dialate and post-capillary venules constrict, increasing redness, swelling and warmth 3. Mast cells produce histamine causing dilation and permeability 4. Vessels deliver platelets to injury closing openings and preventing the spread of microbes 5. Vessels deliver leukocytes for non-specific defence by phagocytosis 6. Leukocytes remove damaged cells forming pus that is reabsorbed |
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What are the 4 inflammation proteins? |
Pyrogens Complement proteins Interferons Chemokines |
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Define Pyrogens |
Hormone made by leukocytes to elevate body temperature inhibiting microbial growth |
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Define Complement Proteins |
Proteins that either lyse microbes causing apoptosis or attract phagocytosis |
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Define Interferons |
Proteins secreated by virus-infected cells to inhibit viral reproduction |
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Define Chemokines |
Chemical signals intiating immune response from lymphocytes |
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What is an Antigen? |
Antibody Generator Protein fragments on pathogens surface helping to ID the foreign cell for lymphocytes |
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Define Epitope |
Unique region of antigen that binds to an antibody |
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Where do B Cells mature? |
Bone marrow |
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What do B Cells become? |
Plasma cells - secrete antigen-specific Y-shaped antibodies Memory B Cells - aid in long-term immune memory |
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Where do T Cells mature? |
Thymus gland |
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What are the 4 advantages of an adaptive immunity |
1. Diversity of antigen-receptors allows attack of a variety of pathogens 2. Tolerance for self 3. Activation of a binding site rapidly increases number of specific lymphocytes 4. 2nd response to an antigen is stronger and more rapid |
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What do helpers T's produce? |
Memory T Cytotoxic T More Helper T cells |
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How do Cytotoxic T cells destroy pathogens? |
1. Secrete toxins disrupting metabolism 2. Secrete toxins to trigger apoptosis 3. Releasing perforin (perforates CM) |
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What is MHC? |
Take portions of foreign cells infecting them to the membrane surface |
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Define APC |
Antigen presenting cells (host) present antigen to helper T cells |
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Define Allergies |
A hypersensitivity to certain antigens, as a result the macrophages release higher levels of histamine. |
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What triggers allergies? |
Histamine triggers the symptoms of allergic reactions. |
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What hormone counteracts allergies? |
Epinephrine counteracts response |
