Chapter 43 Immune System

Front 1

innate immunity

Back 1

present beofre exposure to pathogens, effective from birth

mostly nonspecific, quickly recognize and respond to broad range of microbes (regardless of identity)

external barriers (ex. skin) and internal cellular and chemical defenses

Front 2

acquired immunity

Back 2

develops after exposure to inducing agents, highly specific, use lymphocytes to recognize

Front 3

lymphocytes

Back 3

white blood cells that produce hormonal and cell-mediated responses

Front 4

antibodies

Back 4

secreted from B lymphocytes, bind to microbes and mark them for elimination

Front 5

lysozyme

Back 5

enzyme that digests the cell walls of many bacteria

Front 6

external defenses

Back 6

skin, mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

oil and sweat glands give skin a low pH, also low pH in stomach

Front 7

mucus

Back 7

viscous fluid that traps microbes and other particles

Front 8

phagocytosis

Back 8

the ingestion of invading microorganisms by certain types of white blood cells called phagocytes

Front 9

phagocytes

Back 9

cells that produce certain antimicrobial proteins and help initiate inflammation, which can limit the spread of microbes in the body

attach to their prey via surface receptors

Front 10

4 types of white blood cells (leukocytes) that are phagocytic

Back 10

neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, dendritic cells

Front 11

neutrophils

Back 11

most common phagocytic leukocytes, attracted to infected tissue, short life span

Front 12

macrophages

Back 12

develop from monocytes: transformed into macrophages after a few hours
some migrate, others reside permanently in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other tissues
filter microbes in the lymphatic system

Front 13

eosinophils

Back 13

defend against multicellular parasitic invaders, discharge enzymes to attack invaders

Front 14

dendritic cells

Back 14

ingest microbes, stimulate the development of acquired immunity

Front 15

complement system

Back 15

about 30 serum proteinsthat function in innate defense

Front 16

interferon

Back 16

provide innate defense against viral infections
infected body cells secrete and induce neighboring cells to produce other substances that inhibit viral reproduction
not virus specific

Front 17

defensins

Back 17

antimicrobial proteins, secreted by macrophages, damage broad groups of pathogens by various mechanisms without harming body cells

Front 18

inflammatory response

Back 18

mast cells release histamine, promote blood flow to injured site, results in redness and heat

Front 19

histamine

Back 19

chemical stored in mast cells, trigger dilation and increased permeability of capillaries

Front 20

mast cells

Back 20

in connective tissues, relase histamine when injured

Front 21

chemokines

Back 21

small proteins that direct the migration of phagocytes and signal tem to increase production of microbe-killing compounds
secreted by many cell types

Front 22

natural killer (NK) cells

Back 22

patrol the body and attack virus-infected body and cancer cells
once attached to cell, releases chemicals that lead to the death of the stricken cell by apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Front 23

cytokines

Back 23

proteins that help activate lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system

Front 24

antigen

Back 24

any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits a response from them, large molecules, either proteins or polysaccharides

Front 25

epitope

Back 25

small, accessible portion of an antigen that is recognizable by lymphocytes, many types that can induce different responses

Front 26

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Back 26

type of lymphocyte

Front 27

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Back 27

type of lymphocyte

Front 28

antigen receptors

Back 28

antigen-specific receptors embedded in plasma membranes of the B or T cells