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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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External defenses
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Skin and Mucous Membranes, Stomach and the Lungs
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Why is skin a good protection-
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Tightly woven Epithial, the low pH. dry
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provide washing action
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Saliva, mucous, and tears
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Stomach is _______ defence
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external
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Stomach defence mechanism
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low pH
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External defenses
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Skin and Mucous Membranes, Stomach and the Lungs
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Why is skin a good protection-
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Tightly woven Epithial, the low pH. dry
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provide washing action
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Saliva, mucous, and tears
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Stomach is _______ defence
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external
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Stomach defence mechanism
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low pH
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Phagocytosis 3 organism
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Lysosomes
Vacuoles Puedopodia |
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Lungs defend against invaders by
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mucous and sweeping action of the cilla
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2 ways lysosome kill microorganism
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the radicals such as NO and superoxide anion
Enzyme (Lysozyme) |
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Radicals of lysosomes
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Superoxide anion and Nitric Oxide
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Enzyme of Lysosomes
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Lysozyme and other enzymes
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How lysosomes evade phagocytosis
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Disguise using pH
Enter other way besides vacuole Transfer out of vacuole before the phagocyte can eat you Overwhelm the system |
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How phagocytes trap their microorganisms?
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Some travel around their body in blood, lymph, and interstitial fluids
Some are fixed in the lymph nodes |
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What comes from a Myeloid stem cell
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Red Blood cells
Platelets White Blood Cells |
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3 Nonspecific white blood Cells
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Basophils
Neutrophils Eosinophils Monocytes |
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Neurophils
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60-70% of the Leukocytes (WBC)
Attracted to move towards chemical signals Self destruct as they destroy invadors |
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2 Types of Phagocytic cells
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Monocytes and Neutrophils
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Monocytes
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5% of leukocytes
Migrate into tissues and develop into macrophages Long-living |
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Eosinophils
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1.5% of leukocytes
Defend against large-parasitic invaders discharge a destructive enzyme from cytoplasmic granules |
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Basophils
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Circulating Leukocytes
Release chemical signals that help to initiate the inflammatory response |
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do the same thing as basophils but does not migrate
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Mast cells
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Localized inflamatory response
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1.) mast cells and basophils release histamine and prostaglandins
2.) capillaries dilate and permeability is increased fluid and clotting agents 3.) Chemokine from the tissues and bacteria attract WBC 4.) Phagocytosis- Removing and Healing |
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protiens involved in nonspecific defense; attach microbes directly or inhibit their reproduction
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Antimicrobial Protiens
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3 Types of Antimicrobial Proteins
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Enzymes- Lysozyme
Complement System Interferons |
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2 Ways Antimicrobial Proteins attack by
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attaching to their microbial directly or inhibit their reproduction
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20 Serum proteins that carry out a cascade of steps that lead to lysis of microbes
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Complement system
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Interferons
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Made by virus infected cells (does not help infected cells)
Help prevent spread of viral infection Non-specific; Short-term resistance to other viruses |
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Made by virus infected cells (does not help infected cells)
Help prevent spread of viral infection Non-specific; Short-term resistance to other viruses |
Interferons
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Nonspecific response to infected.. Triggered by toxins from pathogens or by pyrogens released by certain WBC
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Fever
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How higher temp can contribute to defense
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Protiens might not function currectly-Degraded
Our cells can withstain more heat than bacteria |
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To much fever can lead to
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septic shock
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Septic shock is characterized by
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High temperature low blood pressure
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Natural Killer Cells
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Unclear orgim that attach abnormal and virus-infected body cells, caused cell lysis
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The first line of defense:
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the skin and mucous membranes prevent most
microbes from entering the body |
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The second line of defense:
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phagocytes, natural
killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial protein, and fever defend against microbes that have entered the body |
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generate efficient and selective
immune responses that work throughout the body to eliminate particular invader |
Lymohocytes
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The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes:
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B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T- cells)
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Lymphocytes that remain in the bone marrow and continue their maturation there become
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B cells
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Lymphocytes that migrate from the bone marrow and mature in the thymus
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T-Cells
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B-Cells give a ______ immune response
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Humoral (antibody Based)
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T-Cells have a _____ immunity response
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cellular (cellular based)
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Anything a cell can use to make an antibody
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antigen
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A foreign molecule that binds specifically (lock and key) to antibodies or an antigen receptor
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Antigen
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Produced and secreted by b cells that are stimulated by a particular antigen
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Antibodys
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When an _____ binds to an _____ the immune system is stimulated to target specific invader
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Antigen--- antibody
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Different receptor to each antigen
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Epitopes
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The antigen is composed of
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2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
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Binds to foreign molecules (antigens) and are stimulated to secrete antibodies that recognize antigens
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B Cells
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Antibodies (aka)
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immunoglobulins
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How do antigens help protect pathogens
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agglutination
opsonization Precipitate antigen Activated of complex system |
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Antigens stick together then stick to bacteria
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Agglutination
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Antibodies Increasing phagocytosis
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Opsonization
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Antibodies blocks microrganisms from binding to host
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Viral Neutralization
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Viral Neutralization
Agglutination Opsonization Precipitation all enhance |
Phagocytois
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Complex system leads to
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cell lysis
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Another term for the compliment system
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Compliment fixation
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Help simulate B-cells to make antibodies
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Helper T cells
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Destroy abnormal body cells and infected body cells
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Cyototoxic T Cells
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Both Th and Tc cells recongize antigens are present by
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MHC molecules
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Mark body cells as self and present antigens to T-cells
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MHC cells
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Tc cells bind to ___ and have ____receptors
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MHC Class I CD8
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An antigen presenting cells activates it l which uses lots of signals to help other immune cells function
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Th cells
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Th cells are activated by ____ and have __ recptors
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MHC
CD4 |
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antigens trigger antibody production only with the participation of helper T cell
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T dependent
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Some antigents can trigger antibody production without Helper T cell
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T independent
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Depends on the response of infected persons own immune system
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Active immunity
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Ex, if active immunity
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immunizations
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is provided when antibodies are transfered from one individual to another
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Passive immunity
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Example of passive immunity
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Breast milik
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A Ways to reconize self versus non self
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Blood type
Tissue graft |
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Tissue graphs test
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MHC capatiplity
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Allergies is an example of ___ immune function
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Hyperactive
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Anaphylactic shock
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Caused by allergies low blood pressue
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Autoimmune diseases
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Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic Lupus erythematous MS Insulin-dependent Diabetes |
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Immunodeficiency disease
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Hodgkin;s
Severe Combined immunodeficiency Acquired immune deficiency |
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How AIDS Kills
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Inhabits Th cells
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