Chapter 42 Organismal And Ecological Biology

Front 1

What are the three types of Nervous System Organizations

Back 1

1. Radial

2. Bilateral

3. Nerve Net

Front 2

What is a Nerve Net Nervous System?

Back 2

1. Interconnected neurons with no central control system

Front 3

What is an organism that contains a Nerve Net nervous system?

Back 3

Cnidarians (the Hydra)

Front 4

What is a Radial Nervous system

Back 4

1. A modified nerve net where neurons are selectively organized

Front 5

What is an organism that has a Radial Nervous System

Back 5

Sea stars and other echinoderms

Front 6

What is a Bilateral Nervous System?

Back 6

1. a primitive brain where nerve cells are concentrated into Cerebral ganglia

2. Ventral nerve cords extend from ganglia and transverse nerve connect the cords

Front 7

What is an organism that has a bilateral nervous system?

Back 7

Flatworms

Front 8

What is the Evolution of the Nervous System?

Back 8

1. Increased number of nerve cells

2. Concentration of cells into ganglia or brain

3. specialization of function; afferent, efferent, CNS

4. More association neurons; more synapses

5. Cephalization (a head)

Front 9

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

Back 9

1. helps the body respond to changes in the external environment

2. sensory afferents detect changes in external environment

3. Motor efferents act on muscles and glands

Front 10

What two divisions is the PNS organized?

Back 10

1. Autonomic

2. Somatic

Front 11

What does the Autonomic Division do?

Back 11

1. Maintains homeostasis in the internal environment

2. Sensory afferents come from organs and other structures found in the inside of the body

3. Motor Efferents act on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Front 12

What 2 subdivisions can the efferent portion of the autonomic division be divided into

Back 12

1. sympathetic

2. parasympathetic

Front 13

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 13

1. When you are rest and digest

2. Lower blood pressure, lower heart rate, increased digestive system, etc.

Front 14

What is the sympathetic nervous system

Back 14

1. Fight or flight nervous system

2. Increase blood pressure, increase heart rate, lower digestive system, etc.

Front 15

What are the 3 division of the Neural Tube

Back 15

1. Forebrain

2. Midbrain

3. hindbrain

Front 16

What is included in the Forebrain?

Back 16

1. Cerebrum

2. Thalamus

3. Hypothalamus

Front 17

What is included in the Midbrain?

Back 17

1. Superior and inferior colliculi

Front 18

What is included in the Hindbrain?

Back 18

1. Cerebellum

2. Pons

3. Medulla

Front 19

What is the longitudinal fissure?

Back 19

the line that divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres

Front 20

What are the 4 lobes associated with the Cerebrum?

Back 20

1. Occipital Lobe

2. Temporal Lobe

3. Parietal Lobe

4. Frontal Lobe

Front 21

What does the occipital lobe control?

Back 21

Vision

Front 22

What does the Temporal Lobe control?

Back 22

Hearing

Front 23

What does the parietal Lobe control?

Back 23

1. Sensory information (contains the somatosensory cortex)

2. Language (contains the Wernicke's area)

Front 24

What does the frontal lobe control?

Back 24

1. Executive functions (reasoning, critical thinking, judgement, etc.)

2. Emotional center of the brain

3. Voluntary movement (Contains Primary Motor Cortex)

Front 25

What are Association Areas?

Back 25

Higher-order cortical areas are responsible for thought, learning, language, memory, judgment, and decision

Front 26

What are Gyri

Back 26

Ridges in the brain

Front 27

What are Sulci

Back 27

The Depressions/grooves in the Brain

Front 28

Why is it important to have Gyri and Sulci

Back 28

to increase the surface area of the cerebrum, which allows for more complex brain functions.

Front 29

What is the cortex

Back 29

The outer portion of the cerebrum

Front 30

What is grey Matter

Back 30

is unmyelinated and contains cell bodies and dendrites

Front 31

What is White matter?

Back 31

Lies beneath the cerebral cortex and consists of myelinated axons

(connects cortical areas to other parts of the nervous system)

Front 32

What does the Hypothalamus do?

Back 32

Integrates information and sends inputs to centers in the brainstem and spinal cord to regulate information. It controls heart rate, breathing, appetite, etc.

Front 33

What is the Brain stem made up of?

Back 33

Medulla, pons, and midbrain

Front 34

What is the function of the Midbrain

Back 34

Visual (superior colliculi) and auditory (inferior colliculi reflexes

Front 35

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Back 35

muscle tone, posture, coordination, and equilibrium.

Stores Muscle memory

Front 36

What is the function of the Medulla?

Back 36

Regulate life-sustaining functions like breathing heart beat, blood pressure etc.

Front 37

What is the function of the Pons?

Back 37

Sleep and Breathing

Front 38

What does the cerebellum do

Back 38

Muscle memory, coordination, balance, etc.

Front 39

What does the Limbic system do?

Back 39

It is important in evaluating threats, emotional expression, sexual behavior, motivation, and learning and memory

Front 40

What are the region that includes in the Limbic system?

Back 40

Amygdala, hippocapus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 41

What does the hippocampus do?

Back 41

1.Retrieves and forms memories.

2.Categorizes information so that it is stored with similar memories

Front 42

What does the Amygdala do?

Back 42

1. Filters incoming sensory information and interprets it in the context of emotional needs and survival

2. Helps body to respond to danger

3. Involved in responses related to fear, aggression, and emotion

Front 43

What is Learning?

Back 43

acquiring information as a result of experience

Front 44

What is memory?

Back 44

information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Front 45

What are the four types of memory?

Back 45

1. Implicit

2. Explicit

3. Short-term

4. Long-term

Front 46

What is implicit memory?

Back 46

Unconscious memory for perceptual and motor skills

Front 47

What is Explicit memory?

Back 47

Factual memory of people, places, or objects

Front 48

What is short term memory?

Back 48

1. Last for a few seconds to a few minutes

2. Information can be transferred to a long-term memory

Front 49

What is long term memory?

Back 49

1. Involves long-term functional changes at synapses

2. Also involves changes in gene expression

Front 50

What is Synaptic plasticity?

Back 50

is the ability of the nervous system to modify synapses during learning and remembering

Front 51

What is Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 51

1. increases sensitivity to an action potential by a postsynaptic neuron

2. strenghtens connections between post and pre- synaptic neuron

Front 52

What are the 3 types of Meninges?

Back 52

1. Pia mater

2. Arachnoid mater

3. Dura mater

Front 53

What is Dura Mater?

Back 53

tough outer covering

Front 54

What is Arachnoid mater?

Back 54

semi-thin covering

Front 55

What is the pia mater?

Back 55

thin, vascularized inner covering. Closely adheres to the brain tissue

Front 56

Where is is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

Back 56

1. CSF lies b/w arachnoid and pia mater in the subarachnoid space

Front 57

What does CSF do?

Back 57

1. secreted by the choroid plexuses that project from pia mater into the ventricles

2. Exchange nutrients and waste products b/w blood and brain

3. shock absorber

4. circulates through ventricles and subarachnoid space and reabsorbed into the blood in the dural sinuses

Front 58

What is found in the Spinal Cord?

Back 58

1. Gray mater (contains cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axon, and glial cells)

2. Central canal (contains CSF)

3. White mater (contains myelinated axon)

Front 59

What are the 5 steps in Reflex arc

Back 59

1. Sensory Receptors

2. sensory neuron

3. Interneurons

4. motor neurons

5. effectors

Front 60

What are Ascending tracts?

Back 60

Transmit information to the brain

Front 61

What are descending tracts

Back 61

Transmit information from the brain