Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Blood
|
A circulatory fluid
|
|
|
Blood vessels
|
A set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body
|
|
|
Heart
|
A muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of the blood. Blood then flows down a pressure gradient through blood vessels that eventually return blood to the heart.
|
|
|
Blood pressure
|
The hydrostatic force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
|
|
|
Open circulatory system
|
An arrangement of internal transport in which blood bathes the organs directly and there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid. example: insects and arthropods
|
|
|
hemolymph
|
In invertebrates with an open circulatory system, the body fluid that bathes tissues.
|
|
|
sinuses
|
Spaces surrounding the organs of the body in animals with open circulatory systems.
|
|
|
closed circulatory system
|
Circulatory systems in which blood is confined to vessels and is kept separate from the interstitial fluid.
|
|
|
cardiovascular system
|
A closed circulatory system with a heart and branching network of arteries, capillaries, and veins; the system is characteristic of vertebrates. --> humans and other vertebrates
|
|
|
atrium/atria
|
(plural, atria) A chamber that receives blood returning to the vertebrate heart.
|
|
|
ventricles
|
(1) A heart chamber that pumps blood out of a heart.
|
|
|
artery/arteries
|
A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body.
|
|
|
arterioles
|
A vessel that conveys blood between an artery and a capillary bed.
|
|
|
capillary beds
|
A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body.
|
|
|
venules
|
A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein.
|
|
|
Gill circulation
|
The flow of blood through gills.
|
|
|
double circulation
|
A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs.
|
|
|
Systolic pressure
|
Pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts during ventricular systole
|
|
|
Peripheral resistance
|
The impedance of blood flow by the arterioles
|
|
|
diastolic pressure
|
Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
|
|
|
Lymphatic system
|
A system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid and protein to the blood.
|
|
|
lymph
|
The colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals.
|
|
|
pulmocutaneous
|
The route of circulation that directs blood to the skin and lungs.
|
|
|
systemic circulation
|
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium via the veins.
|
|
|
systole
|
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and the chambers pump blood.
|
|
|
diastole
|
The stage of the heart cycle in which the heart muscle is relaxed, allowing the chambers to fill with blood.
|
|
|
cardiac output
|
The volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle of the heart.
|
|
|
heart rate
|
The rate of heart contraction.
|
|
|
stroke volume
|
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction.
|
|
|
atrioventricular valve
|
A valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents a backflow of blood when the ventricles contract.
|
|
|
semilunar valve
|
A valve located at the two exits of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
|
|
|
pulse
|
The rhythmic stretching of the arteries caused by the pressure of blood forced through the arteries by contractions of the ventricles during systole.
|
|
|
Heart murmur
|
defect in one or more of the valves causes a condition know as a hear murmur, which may be detectable as a hissing sound when a stream of blood squirts backward through a valve.
|
|
|
SA (sinoatrial) node
|
The pacemaker of the heart, located in the wall of the right atrium. At the base of the wall separating the two atria is another patch of nodal tissue called the atrioventricular node (AV).
|
|
|
atrioventricular (AV) node
|
A region of specialized muscle tissue between the right atrium and right ventricle. It generates electrical impulses that primarily cause the ventricles to contract.
|
|
|
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
|
A record of the electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during the heart cycle
|
|
|
endothelium
|
The innermost, simple squamous layer of cells lining the blood vessels; the only constituent structure of capillaries.
|
|
|
systolic pressure
|
Blood pressure that occurs when the heart contracts during ventricular systole
|
|
|
diastolic pressure
|
Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions.
|
|
|
lymph node
|
Organs located along lymph vessels. They filter lymph and help attack viruses and bacteria.
|
|
|
plasma
|
The liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended.
|
|
|
red blood cell
|
A blood cell conaining hemoglobin, which transports O2. Also called erythrocyte.
|
|
|
white blood cell
|
A blood cell that functions in defending the body against infections and cancer cells. Also called leukocyte
|
|
|
platelet
|
A small enucleated blood cell important in blood clotting; derived from large cells in the bone marrow
|
|
|
hemoglobin
|
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
|
|
|
leukocyte
|
A white blood cell; typically functions in immunity, such as phagocytosis or antibody production.
|
|
|
pluripotent stem cell
|
A cell within bone marrow that is a progenitor for any kind of blood cell.
|
|
|
erythropoietin
|
A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen. This hormone stimulates the production of erythrocytes.
|
|
|
fibrinogen
|
The inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot.
|
|
|
hemophilia
|
A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele, characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
|
|
|
thrombus
|
A clump of platelets and fibrin that block the flow of blood through a blood vessel.
|
|
|
cardiovascular disease
|
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
|
|
|
Heart attack
|
death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries
|
|
|
Stroke
|
death of nervous tissue in the brain
|
|
|
arteriosclerosis
|
A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries. (hardening of the arteries)
|
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
chronic cardiovasulcar disease caused by plaques developing on the inner walls of the arteries narrowing their bore
|
|
|
hypertension
|
high blood pressure
|
|
|
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
|
A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An LDL particle carries the blood correlate with a tendency to develop blocked blood vessels and heart disease.
|
|
|
high-density lipoprotein (HDL
|
A cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood, made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded. An HDL particle carries less cholesterol than a related lipoprotein, LDL, and may be correlated with a decreased risk of blood vessel blockage.
|
|
|
gas exchange
|
The uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment
|
|
|
respiratory medium
|
The source of oxygen. It is typically air for terrestrial animals and water for aquatic organisms
|
|
|
respiratory surface
|
The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment
|
|
|
gill
|
A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange.
|
|
|
ventilation
|
Any method of increasing contact between the respiratory medium and the respiratory surface
|
|
|
countercurrent exchange
|
The opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide los
|
|
|
tracheal system
|
A gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects
|
|
|
lungs
|
The invaginated respiratory surfaces of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, and spiders that connect to the atmosphere by narrow tubes.
|
|
|
larynx
|
The voicebox, containing the vocal cords
|
|
|
vocal cord
|
One of a pair of stringlike tissues in the larynx. Air rushing past the tensed vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing sounds.
|
|
|
trachea
|
The windpipe; that portion of the respiratory tube that has C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from the larynx to two bronchi.
|
|
|
bronchus
|
(plural, bronchi) One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
|
|
|
bronchioles
|
Fine branches of the bronchus that transport air to alveoli
|
|
|
alveolus
|
(plural, alveoli) (1) One of the deadend, multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs. (2) One of the milk-secreting sacs of epithelial tissue in the mammary glands.
|
|
|
breathing
|
process that ventilates the lungs
|
|
|
positive pressure breathing
|
A breathing system in which air is forced into the lungs
|
|
|
negative pressure breathing
|
A breathing system in which air is pulled into the lungs
|
|
|
diaphragm
|
(1) A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating the lungs. (2) A dome-shaped rubber cup fitted into the upper portion of the vagina before sexual intercourse. It serves as a physical barrier to block the passage of sperm
|
|
|
tidal volume
|
The volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with each breath.
|
|
|
vital capacity
|
The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale.
|
|
|
cardiac cycle
|
The alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart.
|
|
|
parabronchi
|
The sites of gas exchange in bird lungs. They allow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction.
|
|
|
breathing control center
|
A brain center that directs the activity of organs involved in breathing.
|
|
|
partial pressure
|
The concentration of gases; a fraction of total pressure.
|
|
|
respiratory pigment
|
Special proteins that transport most of the oxygen in blood.
|
|
|
hemocyanin
|
A type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component. Hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many mollusks
|
|
|
dissociation curve
|
A chart showing the relative amounts of oxygen bound to hemoglobin when the pigment is exposed to solutions varying in their partial pressure of dissolved oxygen.
|
|
|
Bohr shift
|
a drop in pH that lowers the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
|
|
|
myoglobin
|
An oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells
|
