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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alone is not adequate for animals
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Diffusion
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Hydra and other cnidarians have
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Gastrovascular Cavities
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If your only two cells thick a ________ will suffice for internal transport
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simple gastrovascular cavity
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Arthropod and most mollusks have a ____ system
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open circulatory
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Difference between open and closed circulatory system
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The distinction between the interstitial fluid and blood
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The fluid of the open circulatory system
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hemolymph
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In an open circulatory system gas exchange occurs in
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many trachea through out the body
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Earthworms and more complexed organisms have a _____ system
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closed circulatory system
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A fish heart has
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two main chambers, one atrium and one ventricle
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Frogs and other amphibians
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a three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle
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A frogs respiratory process
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pulmocutaneous
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A fishes respiratory organ
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gills
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in birds and mammals, there are ___ chambers of the heart
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4 chambers
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The ________ have thicker walls and contract much stronger than the atria
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ventricle
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The ____ ventrical is stronger than the _____
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Left
Right |
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A cardiac cycle is one complete sequence
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1.) Both atrium and ventricles relax
2.) Atrium contracts ventricle relaxes 3.) atrium relaxes ventricle contracts |
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The contraction phase of cardiac muscle is called
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systole
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The relaxation phase is called
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Diastole
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3 layers of arteries and veins (outside to inside)
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Connective tissues
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers Endothelium |
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2 layers of capillaries
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endothelium and its basement membrane, enhancing
their exchange |
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Difference between arteries and veins
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middle and outer layers than veins
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The thicker walls of arteries provide
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strength to accommodate blood pumped rapidly and at high pressure by the heart
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helps maintain blood pressure in the arteries
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elastic recoil
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Veins blood vessels is a result of
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skeletal muscle contraptions
a one-way valve |
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The ____________ of capillaries determines flow in each
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total cross-sectional area
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At any given time, only about ________ of the body's capillaries have blood flowing through them
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5 - 10%
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Capillaries in the __________ are usually filled to capacity but in many other sites the blood supply varies over time as blood is diverted
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brain
heart kidneys liver |
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The exchange of substances between the blood and the ______ that bathes the cells takes place across the of the _______capillaries
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interstitial fluid
thin endothelial walls |
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About 85% of the fluid that leaves the blood at the arterial end of the capillary bed
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reenters from the interstitial fluid at the venous end
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The remaining 15% of the capillary fluid
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renters through the lymph system
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Major function of the lymphatic system
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to return fluid to the blood and aids in body defenses.
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Fluids and some blood proteins that leak from the capillaries into the interstitial fluid are returned to the blood via the ____________
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Lymphatic System
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Fluid of the lymphatic system
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Lymph
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The lymphatic system drains into the circulatory system
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near the junction of the venue cava with the right atrium
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A connective tissue with cells suspended in plasma
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Blood
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The function of red blood cells
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oxygen transport
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The transport of red blood cells depends on
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on rapid diffusion of oxygen across the red cell's plasma membranes
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The structure of red blood cells
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Has a large Surface area, lacks a nuclei
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Number of hemoglobin in a red blood cells
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250 million per cell
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Eurthrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets all develop from a
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pluripotent stem cells in the red marrow of bones
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Plasma is made of
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Water
Ions Plasma Proteins Substances transported by blood |
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Function of water in the plasma
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Act as a solvent for other substances
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Ions in water
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Na Mg
K Cl Ca HCO3 |
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Function of ion in the plasma
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Osmotic balance
pH buffering regulating membrane permeability |
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Plasma Protiens
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Albumin
Fibrinogen Immunoglobins (antibodies) |
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Function of plasma proteins
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Osmotic balance
pH buffering Clotting Defenses |
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Substances transported by blood
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Nutrients
Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases Hormones |
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Cellular elements in blood
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Euthrocytes-red blood cells
Leukocytes- White blood cells Platelets |
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functions of erythrocytes
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Transports O2 and CO2
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function of leukocytes
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Defense and immunity
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Function of platelets
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Blood clotting
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The process of clotting blood
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(1) Endothelium of vessel is damaged exposing connective tissue, platelets adhere
(2) Platelets form a plug (3) Seal is Reinforced by a clot of fibrin |
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Plasma clotting factors
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calcium and vitamin K
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Prothrombin activates _____ which connects to ____ activating _____
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Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin |
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Clot in a Heart artery-
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Heart attack
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Clot in brain artery--
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Stroke
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the uptake of molecular oxygen (O₂) from the environment and
the discharge of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the environment |
respiration
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The source of O₂is ___ for terrestrial animals and ___ for aquatic animals
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air
water |
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The percentage of O2 in the air
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21 %
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Is the out folding of the body surface that are suspended in water
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gills
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The advantage of water as a respiratory medium
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There is no problem keeping the cell membranes of the respiratory surface moist, since the gills are surrounded by water
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The disadvantage of water as a respiratory medium
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The concentration of O₂ in
water is low CO₂does not diffuse will in water like it does in air |
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increases the flow of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface
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Ventilation
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Gas exchange at the gill surface is enhanced by
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counter current exchange
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In an open circulatory system, gas exchange ____ with ___-
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is not in the system
There is multiple trachea throughout the body (2) Lungs: spongy texture, and are honeycombed with a moist epithelium that functions as the respiratory surface |
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The epithelium lining the major branches of the respiratory tree
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is covered by cilia and a thin film of mucus
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At their tips, the tiniest bronchioles dead end as a cluster of air sacs called
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alveoli
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The ventilation of trachea lungs
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The process of breathing
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A frog ventilates its lungs by
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positive
pressure breathing |
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The process of positive pressure breathing
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1.Muscle lower the floor of the oral cavity,enlarging it and drawing in air through the nostrills
2.With the nostrils and mouth closed, the floor of the oral cavity rises and air is forced down the trachea 3. Elastic Recoil of the lungs, together with compression of the muscular body wall, forced down the trachea |
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Mammals ventilate their lungs by
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negative pressure breathing
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The volume of air and animal inhales and exhales with each breath is called
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tidal volume
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air remains in the lungs the
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residual volume
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Birds use
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counter current exchange
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Difference between human and bird and mammal respiration
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a birds bath is circular unlike humans which has dead ends
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A gas will
always diffuse form a region of |
higher partial pressure to a lower partial
pressure |
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carries oxygen
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The iron bound by the protein hemoglobin
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