Chapter 42: Animal Reproduction And Development

Front 1

Asexual reproduction

Back 1

Process of producing genetically identical cells or clones

Front 2

Binary fission

Back 2

Genome replicates and splits into 2

Front 3

Budding

Back 3

Forming a bud that breaks off to form a new organism

Front 4

Fragmentation

Back 4

Splitting an organism into pieces that all produce new organisms

Front 5

Pathogenesis

Back 5

Unfertilized eggs divide by mitosis and produce offspring

Front 6

Meiosis

Back 6

Cell division that produces gametes

Front 7

Fertilization

Back 7

2 gametes joining to form a zygote

Front 8

Asexual reproduction charcteristics

Back 8

No mate, fast generation time, all offspring can produce more offspring

Front 9

Serial reproduction aspects

Back 9

Mating, slow generation time, only females produce offspring

Front 10

External fertilization

Back 10

S perm and egg released in water, large number of gametes

Front 11

Internal fertilization

Back 11

Inside the body of the female

Front 12

R-strategist

Back 12

Produce offspring with low probability of survival. They produce many offspring in an ever changing environment

Front 13

K-strategist

Back 13

Produce few offspring and put special care into then. Stable unchanging environment with crowded population

Front 14

Oviparous

Back 14

Lay eggs

Front 15

Viviparous

Back 15

Give birth to live young

Front 16

Amnion

Back 16

Membrane surrounding a fluid filled cavity that allows an embryo to develop in a watery environment

Front 17

Allantois

Back 17

Space where waste collects from an embryo

Front 18

Chorion

Back 18

Surround the entire embryo and all membranes attached to it

Front 19

Yolk sac

Back 19

Provides nutrients to embryo

Front 20

Sperm flagellum

Back 20

The tail of the sperm that allows it to move

Front 21

Sperm mitochondrion

Back 21

Many mitochondria that provide energy

Front 22

Where is the nucleus of a sperm cell?

Back 22

In the head

Front 23

Sperm Acrasomes

Back 23

Secretes an enzyme that breaks down outer coating of the egg

Front 24

Why are 5he testes outside of the body?

Back 24

Cooler temperature. Aid in sperm production

Front 25

Testes semeniferous tubules

Back 25

Where sperm is produced through mieosis

Front 26

Testes epididymis

Back 26

Where sperm gains the ability to move and where is is stored

Front 27

Vas deferens

Back 27

Tubule that goes through the penis to release sperm through the urethra

Front 28

Prostate gland

Back 28

Produces alkaline fluid that maintains sperm motility and counteracts the acidic female tract

Front 29

Seminal vesicals

Back 29

Secrete a protein and sugar rich fluid that makes up the most of the semen and provides energy to sperm

Front 30

Bulbourethral glands

Back 30

Produced clear fluid that lubricates urethra for passage of sperm

Front 31

Oocytes

Back 31

Female gamete, mature into ova

Front 32

Ovaries are connected by what?

Back 32

Fallopian tubes

Front 33

Where is the embryo formed?

Back 33

In the uterus

Front 34

Testes release what hormone?

Back 34

Testosterone

Front 35

Ovaries release what hormone?

Back 35

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 36

Follicular phase

Back 36

Maturation and release of an egg, days 1>14. FSH acts on granules a cells in which stimulate follicular cells to mature

Front 37

What does estradiol do?

Back 37

Thicken the uterine lining

Front 38

Luteal phase

Back 38

Begins with ovulation, increased estradiol levels, LH stimulate release of egg

Front 39

What happens is an egg is not fertilized?

Back 39

Corpus luteus degenerates, progesterone levels drop

Front 40

What happens if fertilization occurs

Back 40

Embryo implants in the uterus, maintains corpus luteum

Front 41

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

Back 41

Hormone that pregnancy tests detect

Front 42

Spermatogenesis

Back 42

In semeniferous tubule, sperm production starts at puberty and never stops

Front 43

Oogenesis

Back 43

Formation of eggs

Front 44

How many primary oocytes is a female born with?

Back 44

1-2 million

Front 45

How many primary oocytes is a female born with?

Back 45

1-2 million

Front 46

Process of fertilization

Back 46

1. Sperm contacts oocytes

2. Release enzyme to break through oocytes outer layers

3. Plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse together

4. Sperm nucleus enters eggs cytoplasm

Front 47

What does the sperm have to travel through to get to the oocyte?

Back 47

Cervix, uterus, and fallopian tube

Front 48

Cleavage steps

Back 48

Zygote> 2 cell stage > 4 cell stage > morula

Front 49

Morula

Back 49

Solid ball of cells

Front 50

Blastula

Back 50

Fluid filled ball of cells