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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nutrition
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food being taken in, taken apart, and taken up
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herbivores
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dine mainly on plants/algae
-e:cattle, parrotfish, and termites |
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carnivores
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eat other animals
ex:sharks, hawks, spiders |
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omnivores
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regularly consume animals as well as plants/algaeo
-bears, humans, cockroaches, crows |
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essential nutrients
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materials that an animal's cells require but cannot synthesize
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essential nutrient categories
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amino acids
esssential fatty acids vitamins minerals |
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essential amino acids
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amino acids that must be obtained from food in prefabricated form
-8 aas |
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essential fatty acids
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unsaturated
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vitamins
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organic molecules with diverse functions that are required in the diet in very small amounts
-13 essential vitamins for humans |
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fat-soluble vitamins
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overcunsumption leads to being deposited in body fat and accumulation can reach toxic levels of compounds
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water-soluble vitamins
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overlod will result in overconsumption being urinated-->harmless
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minerals
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inorganic nutrients, such as zinc and potassium, that are usually required in small amounts
-many are cofactors in structure of enzymes that split ATP -less than 1 mg-2500mg a day |
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calcium
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-mineral
-building and maintaing bone, and functioning of nerves and muscle |
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undernourishment
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the result of a diet that consistently supplies less chemical energy than the body requires
-body uses up stored fat and carbs -body breaks fown proteins for fuel -muscles decrease in size -brain protein-deficient |
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malnourishment
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long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients
-effects: deformities, disease, death |
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epidemiology
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study of human health and disease at the population level
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ingestion
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act of eating
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suspension feeders
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sift small food particles from the water
ex:humpback wale, clams, and oysters -use baleen, gils, and ulia |
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substrate feeders
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animals that live in or on their food source
ex:leaf miner caterpillar, maggots |
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fluid feeders
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suck nutrient-rich fluid from a lining host
ex:mosquitoes, hummingbirds |
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bulk feeders
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eat relatively large pieces of food
-humans, rock pythons, most animals |
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digestion
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2nd stage of food processing
-->food broken down into molecules small enough for body to absorb -large molecules are not directly used and are unable to pass through membranes and not specific to needs |
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enxymatic hydrolysis
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breaking bondsw ith the addition of water
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absorption
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3rd stage
animal's cells take up small molecules such as amino acids and simple sugars |
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elimination
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4th
completes process as undigested material passes out of the digestive system |
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intracellular digestion
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food vacuoles
begins after cell engulfs solid food by phagocytosis/liquid food by pinocytosis -fuses with lysosoymes |
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food vacuoles
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cellular organelles in which hydrolytic enzymes break down food
-simplest digestive compartments |
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extracellular digestion
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breakdown of foods in compartments that are continous with the outside of this animal's body
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gastrovascular cavity
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digestive compartment with a single opening
-animals with simple body plans ex:hydras |
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complete digestive tract/alimentary canal
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-digestive tube btwn two openings (mouth and anus0
-different compartments for digestion and nutrient absorption |
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peristalsis
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alternating waves of contraction and relaation in smooth muscles lining the canal
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sphincters
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ringlike valves that act as drawstrings to close off the alimentary canl
-regulate passage of material btwn compartments |
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oral cavity
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mouth
-mechaniocal digestion-->teeth smash cut and grind food to allow easy swallowing and increase surface area |
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salivary glands
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deliver saliva through ducts
-initiates chemical digestion while also protecting oral cavity |
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amylase
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enzyme in saliva, hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into smaller polysaccharides and disaccharide maltose
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bolus
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food that tongue shapes and pushes back into pharync
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pharynx
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throat region, opens to 2 passageways-esophagus and trachea
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esophagus
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connects to the stomach
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epiglottis
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flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering trachea by covering glottis (vocal cords)
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stomach
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locted just below the diaphragm in the upper abdomincal cavity
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gastric juice
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digestive juice secreted by stomach
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chyme
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mixture of ingested food and digestive juice
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HCl
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disrupts extracellular matrix that binds cells together in neat and plant material
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protease
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protein-digesting enzyme
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pepsin
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works best in strongly acidic environment, breaks peptide bonds, cleaves proteins into smaller polypeptides
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gastric gland
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3 types of cells that secrete different components of gastric juice: mucus, chief and parietal cells
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mucus cells
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secrete mucus, lubricates and protects cells lining the stomach
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chief cells
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secrete pepsinogen, inactive form of digestive enzyme pepsin
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parietal cells
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secrete hydrochloric acid
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pepsin positive feedback
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pepsin (like HCl) can clip pepsinogen, activaqting more pepsin which can clip mor epepsinogen activating even more pepsin....
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mucus
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a viscous and slippery micture of glycoproteins, cells, salts, and water that protects stomach lining from self-digestion
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small intestine
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over 6 m in humans
-alimentary canal's longest compartment -small diameter compared to large intestine |
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duodenum
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1st 25cm of small intestine
-crossroads: chyme mixes with digestive juices from pancreas, liver, and gallblader |
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secretin
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stimulates pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes chyme
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gastrin
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circulates bia bloodstream back to stomach, where it stimulates production of gastric juices
-hormonal control |
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bile
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mixture of substances made int he liver
-bile salts aid in digestion and absorption of lipids |
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gallbladder
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stored and concentrates bile
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liver
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-breaks down toxins
-balance nutrient utilization -bile production -destruction of unfunctioning RBCs |
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villi
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fingerlike projections in large folds in lining
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microvilli
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microscopic appendages on villi that are exposed to intestinal lumen
-brush border |
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chylomicrons
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the triglyceride fat coated with phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins
-water-soluble globules -too large to pass through capillary membranes -transported to lacteal |
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lacteal
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vessel at core of each villus
-part of vertebrate lymphatic system |
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hepatic portal vein
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villi converge into this blood vessel that leads dircetly to liver
-allows liver to regulate distribution to rest of body -allows liver to remove toxic substances before blood circulates broadly |
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large intestine
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colon, cecum, and rectum
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colon
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1.5 m long, leads to rectum and anus
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cecum
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poush IMP for fermenting ingested material
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appendix
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finger-like extension of human cecum, minor and dispensable role in immunity
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feces
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wastes of the digestive system
-becomes increasingly solid through colon because of peristalis -12-24 hrs for it to travel thru colon |
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rectum
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terminal portion where feces are stored until they can be eliminated btwn rectum and anus are 2 spincters
-outer voluntar, inner involuntary |
