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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: abdominal cavity
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The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the more cranial thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.
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Define: acclimatization
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Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor.
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Define: adipose tissue
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A connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve; contains fat-storing cells called adipose cells.
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Define: anatomy
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The study of the structure of an organism.
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Define: basal metabolic rate
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The minimal number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel itself for a given time.
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Define: basement membrane
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The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.
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Define: blood
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A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.
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Define: bone
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A type of connective tissue, consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.
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Define: brown fat
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A special tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production.
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Define: cardiac muscle
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A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart. Its cells are joined by intercalated disck that relay each heartbeat.
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Define: cartilage
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A type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin.
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Define: chondrocyte
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Cartilage cell.
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Define: collagenous fiber
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A tough fiber of the extracellular matrix. Collagenous fibers are made of collagen and are nonelastic and do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise.
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Define: columnar
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The column shape of a type of epithelial cell.
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Define: conduction
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The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other.
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Define: conformer
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A characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables. The animal is a conformer if it allows some conditions within its body to vary with certain external changes.
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Define: connective tissue
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Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
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Define: convection
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The mass movement of warmed air or liquid to or from the surface of a body or object.
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Define: contercurrent heat exchanger
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A special arrangement of blood vessels that helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms.
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Define: cuboidal
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The cubic shape of a type of epithelial cell.
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Define: ectotherm
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An animal, such as a reptile, fish, or amphibian, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate its body temperature.
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Define: ectothermic
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Referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature.
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Define: elastic fiber
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A long thread made of the protein elastin. Elastic fibers provide a rubbery quality to the extracellular matrix that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers.
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Define: endotherm
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An animal, such as a bird or mammal, that uses metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature.
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Define: epithelial tissue
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Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.
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Define: evaporation
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The removal of heat energy from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules.
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Define: fibroblast
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A type of cell in loose connective tissue that secretes the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers.
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Define: fibrous connective tissue
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A dense tissue with large numbers of collagenous fibers organized into parallel bundles. This is the dominant tissue in tendons and ligaments.
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Define: glandular epithelium
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An epithelium that secretes chemical solutions.
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Define: head-shock protein
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A protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress. Heat-shock proteins are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms.
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Define: vasoconstriction
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A decrease in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that contract the muscles of the vessel walls.
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Define: vasodilation
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An increase in the diameter of superficial blood vessels triggered by nerve signals that relax the muscles of the vessel walls.
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Define: homeostatis
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The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
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Define: integumentary system
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The outer covering of a mammal’s body, including skin, hair, and nails.
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Define: interstitial fluid
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The internal environment of vertebrates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells.
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Define: ligament
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A type of fibrous connective tissue that joins bones together at joints.
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Define: loose connective tissue
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The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body. It binds epithelia to underlying tissues and functions as packing material, holding organs in place.
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Define: macrophage
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A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell.
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Define: mesentery
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A membrane that suspends many of the organs of vertebrates inside fluid-filled body cavities.
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Define: metabolic rate
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The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time.
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Define: mocous membrane
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Smooth moist epithelium that lines the digestive tract and air tubes leading to the lungs.
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Define: muscle tissue
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Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.
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Define: negative feedback
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A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
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Define: nervous tissue
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Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells.
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Define: neuron
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An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Define: nonshivering thermogensis
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The increased production of heat in some mammals by the action of certain hormones that cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP.
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Define: organ
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A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
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Define: organ system
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A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
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Define: osteoblast
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A bone-forming cell that deposits collagen.
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Define: osteon
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The repeating organizational unit forming the microscopic structure of hard mammalian bone.
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Define: physiology
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The study of the functions of an organism.
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Define: positive feedback
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A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.
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Define: radiation
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The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero.
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Define: regulator
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A characterization of an animal in regard to a particular environmental variable. The animal is a regulator for that variable if it uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation.
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Define: simple epithelium
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An epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells that all touch the basal lamina.
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Define: skeletal muscle
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Muscle generally responsible for the voluntary movements of the body.
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Define: smooth muscle
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A type of muscle lacking the striations of skeletal and cardiac muscle because of the uniform distribution of myosin filaments in the cell.
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Define: squamous
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The flat, tile-like shape of a type of epithelial cell.
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Define: standard metabolic rate
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The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm.
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Define: stratified epithelium
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An epithelium consisting of more than one layer of cells in which some but not all cells touch the basal lamina.
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Define: tendon
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A type of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
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Define: thermoregulation
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The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range.
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Define: thoracic cavity
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The body cavity in mammals that houses the lungs and heart. It is surrounded in part by ribs and separated from the lower abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.
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Define: tissue
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An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.
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