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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In animals _____ reflects _____
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form function
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Levels of organization in animals
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cells
tissues organs organ systems |
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Tissues are
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groups of cells with a common structure and
function |
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Different types of tissues have different
______ that are especially suited to their ______ |
structures functions
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A tissue may be held together by a ____________ that coats the cell or weaves them together in a fabric of fibers
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sticky extracellular matrix
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Four main categories of tissues
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(1) Epithelial Tissue
(2) Connective Tissue (3) Nervous Tissue (4) Muscle Tissue |
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3. Epithelial Tissue
a) Structure: |
sheets of tightly packed cells
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Epithelial Tissue cells are riveted together by
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tight junctions
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Epithelial tissues are found
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covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
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Epithelia are classified by:
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Number of Layers
Shape of Cells |
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Types of epithelial tissues (number of layers)
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Stratified-Multiple
Simple- One layer Psuedostratified |
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Types of epithelial tissues ( The shape of the cells)
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Cubiodal
Squamos Columinar |
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Epithelial Tissue Function
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a barrier protecting against
mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss |
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a dense mat of extracellular matrix
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Basement Membrane
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Where each type is found:
Stratified columnar epithelial Psuedostratified Simple stratified Cuboidia Simple Squamous Stratified squamous epithelial |
Stratified columnar epithelial-Inter surface of
the urethra Psuedostratified-Found nasal lining Simple stratified- On the lining of the small intestine Cuboidial-Kindey tubes Simple Squamous - Blood cells Stratified squamous epithelial- Skin because it grows back |
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Connective tissues Structure:
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Connective tissues have a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix
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Connective tissues ECM
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generally consist of a web of fibers embedded in a uniform foundation that may be liquid jellylike, or solid
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_________ tissues Has more extra-cellular matrix than epithelial
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Connective tissues
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Connective tissues Function:
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Mainly to bind and support other tissues
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Three Kinds of Connective tissue fibers (all are proteins)
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(1) Collagen fibers
(2) Elastic Fibers (3) Reticular fibers |
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there are non-elastic fibers that do not tear easily when pulled lengthwise
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Collagen
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long threads of elastin that have a rubbery quality
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Elastic Fiber
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very thin and branched fibers composed of collagen and continuous with collagenous fibers,
they form a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissues to adjacent tissues |
Reticular fibers
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Six major types of connective tissues on vertebrates
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Blood
Bone Cartilage Adipose Loose Connective Fibrous Connective tissues |
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tissues binds epithelia to underlying tissues and function as packing material holding organs in place
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Loose connective
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secrete the protein ingredient of the extracellular fibers
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Fibroblast
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are amoeboid cells that roam the maze of fibers, engulfing bacteria and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis
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Macrophages
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a specialized form of loose connective tissues that stores fat
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Adipose Tissues
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pads and insulates the body and stores fuel as fat molecules
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Adipose Tissues
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(b) Each adipose cell contains a ________ that
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large fat droplet
swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat as fuel |
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is dense due to its large number of collagenous
fibers. |
Fibrous Connective Tissue
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are organized into parallel bundles and
arrangement that maximizes non-elastic strength |
Fibrous C.T.
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this type of connective tissue forms tendons
attaching muscles to bones and ligaments joining bones to bones at joints. |
Fibrous C.T.
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has an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded
in a rubbery matrix made of a substance called chondroitin sulfate, a protein-carbohydrate complex |
Cartilage
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Substance that makes up a rubbery matrix of the Cartilage
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Chondroitin Sulfate
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protein-carbohydrate complex in cartilage
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chondroitin sulfate
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collagen and chondroitic sulfate
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Chondrocytes
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The skeleton of a shark is almost completely made of
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Cartilage
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____________ of many vertebrates are cartilaginous
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Embryonic Skeleton
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makes up the support of most vertebrates. It is a mineralized connective tissues
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bone
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deposits a matrix of collagen
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Osteocytes
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Then calcium magnesium and phosphate ions combine and harden with the matrix into the mineral
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hydroxyapatite
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functions differently from other connective tissues, but it does have an extensive extracellular matrix
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Blood
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Bloods extracellular matrix
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Plasma
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Cells in the plasma
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erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells) cell fragments (platelets) |
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aid in blood clotting
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platelets
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senses stimuli and transmits signals
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nervous tissues
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Types of Muscle
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skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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stratification of actin and myosin with nuclei spread
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Skeletal Muscle
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Heart muscle
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Cardiac
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Stratified in layers
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Skeletal Muscle
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Branched layers
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Cardiac
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muscles used in digestion and circulation
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smooth muscle
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The ability to maintain physiologically
favorable internal environments even as external conditions undergo dramatic changes that would be lethal to individual cells |
Homeostasis
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Three examples of ways
in which an organisms maintain a physiological favorable environment include |
Thermoregulation: maintaining body temperature
within a moderate range Osmoregulation: regulating solute balance and the gain and loss of water Excretion: the removal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism |
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maintaining body temperature within a moderate range
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Thermoregulation:
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regulating solute balance and the gain and loss of water
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Osmoregulation:
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the removal of nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism
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Excretion
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two extremes of how animals cope with
environment fluctuations |
Regulating and Conforming
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for a particular environmental variable if it
uses mechanism of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation |
Regulator
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for a particular environment variable if it allows its own internal conditions to alter with the environment
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Conforming
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Four physical processes account for heat gain or loss
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Conduction
Convection Evaporation Radiation |
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the direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules in direct contact with each other
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conduction
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the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface
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Convection-
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the emission of electromagnetic waver by all objects warmer than absolute, zero. including an animal's body. the environment. and the sun
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Radiation
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the removal of heat from the surface of the liquid that is losing some its molecules as gas
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Evaporation
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body temperatures close to environmental temperature;
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Ectotherms
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can use metabolic heat to keep body temperature warmer than their surroundings
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Endotherms
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c) Adaptations that help animals thermoregulate:
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(1) Insulation/sweating
(2) Circulatory adaptations (3) Cooling by evaporative heat loss (4) Behavioral responses (migrate, sit in sun, hide in shade) (5) Changing the metabolic heat production (increase or decrease) |
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Vasodilatation
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(warm the skin=heat loss)
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Vasoconstriction
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(keep warm blood inside)
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Countercurrent
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heat exchanger (reduce loss to environment
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Specializations that mammals and birds use for
thermoregulation |
Muscle activity (shivering)
Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) increase in metabolic activity within mitochondria, resulting in heat production Torpor |
