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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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SENSORY CODING
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SENSING TAKES PLACE IN THE BRAIN
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DATA REDUCTION SYSTEM
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may not be perceived by the brain
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SENSORY ADAPTATION
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DECREASE IN SENSORY RESPONSE TO CONSTANT AND UNCHANGING STIMULI
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if someone is monotone most people will drift off)
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SELECTIVE ATTENTION
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VOLUNTARILY FOCUSING ON A SPECIFIC SENSORY INPUT.
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LEARNING TO TUNE IN.
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Developing focusing skills- also called being (one with)
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Developing focusing skills- also called being (one with)
*select a sense(smell,hear,see,feel) *something you are unfamiliar with, eliminate distractions, only fully attend for 90 seconds. For 3 times. *then 120 seconds,150 seconds add 30 seconds for every year ** WHAT IT DOES IS BREAK THE HABIT-psych |
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PERCEPTION?-
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The study of perception is HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS TRUE/REAL?
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PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES
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where the brain tries to keep information as consistant as possible. *** your brain doesn’t like change.
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BRAIN TRIES TO KEEP INFORMATION CONSISTENT.
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SIZE CONSTANCY -
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The percieved size of an object remains constant, despite of its retinal image
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Sizes change before your eyes, and you don’t see them, because your brain doesn’t like change. –visual
Example: when someone is far away they look small. And when they get closer your brain automatically assumes. *unconscious |
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SHAPE CONSTANCY
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The percieved shape of an object unaffected by changes in its retnial image
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Shapes change right before your eyes.
*brain does it automatically |
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BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY –
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The apparent (or relative) brightness of objects remain the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light
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We don’t like the world to change colors right before our eyes, due to brightness.
*forebrain is what can reverse the perceptual view |
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Sensation
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a sensory impression: also; the process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs
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perception
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the mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns.
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Absolute threshold
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the minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation
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sensory adaptation
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a decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus
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sensory analysis
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separation of sensory information into important elements
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perceptual features
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basic elements of a stimulus such as lines, shapes, edges of colors
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retina
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the light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye
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warning system
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pain based on large nerve fibers, warns that bodily damage may be occurring
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reminding system
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pain based on small nerve fibers reminds the brain that the body has been injured
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Gate control theory
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prposes that pain massages pass through neural "gates"in the spinal cord
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*helps explain Counter-irritationwhich is a pain control technique, ex:poking yourself somewhere else so that your mind is not foccussed on the pain you are already feeling
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Perceptual construction
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a mental model of external events
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illusion
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a misleading or misconstructed perception
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bottom-up processing
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organizing perceptions by beginning with lower-level features
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top-down processing
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applying higher-level knowledge to rapidly organize sensory information into meaningful perception.
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figure-ground organization
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proposed by the Gesalt psycholgists
organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background(ground) |
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perceptual hypothesis
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an initial guess regarding how to organzie (perceive) a stiumlus pattern
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selective attention
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giving priority to a particular incoming sensory messgae
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inattentional blindness
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a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere
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Depth perception
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the ability to see three-deminsional space and accurately judge distances.
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apparent distance hypothesis
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an explanation of the moon illusion stating that the horizon seems more distant form the sky
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perceptual expectancy (or set)
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a readiness to percieve in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations
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perceptual learning
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changes in perception that can be attributed to prior experience; a result of changes in how the brain processes sensory information.
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Extrasensory perception (ESP)
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the purported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities of the sensory organs
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Telepathy esp
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The purported ability to communicate directly with another persons mind,
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Clairvoyance esp
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the purported ability to perceive events or gain information in ways that appear unaffected by distance or normal physical barriers.
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Precognition ESP
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the purported ability to perceive or accurately predict future events,
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Psychokinesis esp
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the purported ability to use exert influence over inanimate objects(suc as bending spoons) by will power (mind over matter)
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Psi Phenomena
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Events that seem to lie outside the realm of accepted scientific laws
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Habituation
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A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus
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dishabituation
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a reversal of habituation
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cociousness
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mental state of awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as self-awareness of internal events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self.
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waking consciousness
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a state of clear organized alertness
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we perceive times.places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar
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Altered state of consciousness(ASC)
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a condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness
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sleep dreaming daydreaming
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sleep deprivation
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being prevented from getting desired amounts of sleep
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microsleep
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a brief shift in brainwave patterns to those of sleep
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sleep- deprivation psychosis
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a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about by sleep loss
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short sleeper
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a person averaging 5 hours of sleep or less a night
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long sleeper
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a person averaging 9+ hours of sleep a night
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Electroencephalograph (EEG)
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a device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brian
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beta waves
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small, fast brainwaves associated with being awake and alert
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aloha waves
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large, slow brain waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep
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Sleep stages
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Levels of sleep indentified by brainwave patterns and behavioral changes
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Stage 1
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light sleep, heart slows even more, breathing becomes more irregular. muscles relax,may trigger hypni(reflex muscle twitch) The EEG is made up of mainly small, irregular waves with some alpha
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persons at this stage may/maynot say they were sleeping
*very easy to wake up |
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Stage 2
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Body temp drops further. EEG begins to include Sleep spindles(short bursts of distinctive brainwave activity)
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most will say they were asleep
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stage 3
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New brainwaves called delta appear. Large slow waves . They signal a move ti deeper slow-wave sleep and a further less of consciousness
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stage 4
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deep sleep in about an hour. the brain waves here are almost pure slow0wave delta, and the sleeper is in a state of oblivion
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if u wake a sleeper in this stage they will awake in a state of confusion
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rapid eye movements (REM)
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swift eye movements during sleep
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rem sleep
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sleep marked by rapid eye movements and a return to stage 1 EEG patterns
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when awakened during rem sleep 85% report viid dreams
*sharpen our memories of the previous days important experiences *longer clearer,more detailed,more bizarre, andmore dreamlike dreams. *Brainareas associated with imagery,&emotion are more active |
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Non-Rem Sleep(NERM)
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non-rapid eye movement sleep characteristic of stages 1,2,3&4
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"calms the brain"
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Somnambulism
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sleepwalking occurs durin NERM sleep
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Psychodynamic theory
dream theory |
any theory or behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconcious forces
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Freud- dreams express unconcious desires and conflicts as disguised dream symbols (images that have deeper symbolic meaning)
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Activation-synthesis hypothesis
dream theory |
an attempt to explain how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain that occur during sleep but are not carried out- said dreams have no meaning
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Neurocognitive dream theory
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william domhoff- proposal that dream reflect everday waking thoughts and emotions
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rem sleep
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PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
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DEVELOPS WHEN A PERSON FEELS THAT A DRUG IS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN FEELINGS OF COMFORT OR WELL-BEING.
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PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
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IS INDICATED BY THE PRESENCE OF DRUG TOLERANCE AND WITHDRAWL SYMPTOMS.
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Inattentional blindness
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a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is foccused elsewhere.
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Stereoscopic vision
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Perception of space and depth due to the fact that the eyes recieve different images.
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Peceptual expectancy
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Areadiness to perceive in a particular mannner, induced by strong expectations
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Perceptual learning
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changes in perception that can be attributed to prior experience; a result of changes in how the brain processes sensory information.
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Exrasebsory perception
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the purported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities of the sensory organs.
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Hypnosis
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An alterd state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility
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stage hypnosis
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use of hypnosis to entrain,often, merely a simulation of hypnosis for that purposes
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Meditation
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A mental exercise for producing relaxation
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Concentrative meditation
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Mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought.
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mindfulness meditation
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mental excercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment
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Relaxation response
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the pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs at times of relaxation
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Sensory deprivation
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any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation
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Learnning
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Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience
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Associative learning
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The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses
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Cognitive learning
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Higher-level learning involoving thinking,knowing,understanding, and anticipation
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Reinforcement
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Any even that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
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Antecedents
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events that precede a response
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Consequences
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effects that follow a response
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reflex
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an innate, automatic respinonse to a stimulus; for example, an eye blink
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Classical Conditioning
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A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli
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operant conditioning
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Learning based on the consequences of responding.
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Unconditioned stimulus (US)
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A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response
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Unconditioned response (UR)
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an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
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Neutral stimulus (NS)
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A stimulus that does not evoke a response
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
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As stimulus that evokes a response because
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acquisition
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the period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced
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Respondent reinforcement
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Reinforcement that occurs when an unconditioned stiumlus closely follows a conditioned stimulus
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Higher order conditioning
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classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus isused to reinforce further learning; thatis, a CS is used as if it were a US
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Informal view
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perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment
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Expectancy
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An anticipation concerning future events or relationships
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Extinction
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The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement
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Conditioned emotional response (CER)
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An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
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Vicarious Classical Conditioning
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Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus.
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Operant conditioning
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Learning based on the consequences of responding
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Law of effect
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Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not
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operant reinforcer
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Any event that reliable increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows
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Shaping
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Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern
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operant extinction
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he weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response
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Positive reinforcement
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Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event
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Negative reinforcement
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Occurs when a response is followed bu an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event
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Punishment
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Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again.
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Response cost
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Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made,
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primary reinforcers
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nonlearned reinforcers usually those that satisfy physiological needs.
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Secondary reinforcer
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A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer
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token reinforcer
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A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like.
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Social reinforcer
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Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person.
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Partial reinforcement
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A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced
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partial reinforcement effect
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Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction
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Operant stimulus gerneralization
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the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement
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operant stimulus discrimination
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The tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with nonreward are present
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Discriminative stimuli
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stimuli that precede rewarded ad nonrewarded responses in operant conditioning
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Punishment
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the process of suppresing a response
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punisher
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any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses it follows
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Escape learning
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learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus
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Avoidance learning
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Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort
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cognitive map
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internal images or other mental representatives of an area (maze,city,campus, and so forth) that underline an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal
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Latent Learning
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Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided
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Rote learning
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learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules
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Discovery learning
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Learning based on insight and understanding
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Observational learning
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Learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or nothing the consequences of those actions
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model
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A person who serves as an example in observational learning
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do as i say not as i do
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