Chapter 4 Study Guide

Front 1

Cell

Back 1

- the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life

- Simplest part of making up living things

Front 2

Robert Hooke

Back 2

observed “little boxes” that were the remains of dead plant cells → Cork Cells

Front 3

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 3

first person to observe living cells (protists)

Front 4

Matthias Schleiden

Back 4

all plants are composed of cells

Front 5

Theodor Schwann

Back 5

all animals are composed of cells

Front 6

Rudolf Virchow

Back 6

all cells come from other cells

Front 7

Cell Theory

Back 7

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism

3. Cells only come from the reproduction of existing cells

Front 8

Cellular Basis of Life

Back 8

1. Consist of organized parts (cellular organism)

2. Obtain energy from their surroundings - metabolism

3. Perform chemical reactions -metabolism

4. Change with time (grow)

5. Respond to their environment (stimuli)

6. Reproduce

7. Maintain constant internal environment (homeostasis)

8. Share a common history (evolve)

Front 9

Plasma membrane

Back 9

outer boundary

Structure:

- Phospholipid bilayer

Function:

- Protection/Separation

- Regulation of the flow of materials in/out - selectively permeable

Front 10

Cytoplasm

Back 10

fluid region within the membrane that includes fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all organelles except the nucleus

Front 11

Cytosol

Back 11

part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles but NOT membrane-bound organelles

Front 12

Control center

Back 12

area of the cell containing DNA. Usually in the nucleus

Front 13

Prokaryotes

Back 13

lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Genetic information contained in nucleoid.

Front 14

Eukaryotes

Back 14

organisms made up of one or more cells that have membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Front 15

Nucleus

Back 15

Structure:

- jellylike nucleoplasm

Function:

- houses and protects the cell’s genetic information (DNA)

- site where DNA is transcribed into ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 16

Nuclear Envelope

Back 16

- The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

- Made up of 2 phospholipid bilayers surrounding the nucleus.

- Surface lined with nuclear pores which serve as passageways for RNA and other materials to enter/leave nucleus

Front 17

Nucleolus

Back 17

- Denser area of the nucleus

- Site where DNA is concentrated when it is in the process of making ribosomal RNA

Front 18

Mitochondria

Back 18

Structure:

- Made of inner/outer phospholipid membrane

- Inner membrane consists of many folds called cristae which contain proteins that carry out energy-harvesting reactions

Function:

- Transfer energy from organic molecules to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

- ATP ultimately powers most of the cell’s chemical reactions (Hydrolysis of ATP)

Front 19

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Back 19

- Mitochondria have their own DNA and can reproduce only by the division of existing mitochondria

- Play a role in the origination of eukaryotic cells (creation of multi-cellular organisms)

- Inherited from mother

Front 20

Ribosomes

Back 20

Structure

- Small, roughly spherical organelles

- Do not have a membraneMade up of protein and RNA molecules

- Assembly begins in nucleolus and ends in cytoplasm

Function:

- Protein synthesis

- Make Proteins

Front 21

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Back 21

2 types

1. Rough ER

2. Smooth ER

Structure:

- System of membranous tubes and sacs called cisternae

Function:

- A path along which molecules move from one part of the cell to another

- Amount of ER within a cell differs depending on the cell’s activity

Front 22

Rough ER

Back 22

- Covered with ribosomes

- Produces phospholipids and proteins (on ribosomes) that are exported or inserted

Front 23

Smooth ER

Back 23

- NOT covered in ribosomes

- Builds lipids and produces steroid hormones.

- Releases calcium in skeletal and heart muscle cells

Front 24

Golgi Apparatus

Back 24

Structure:

- Flattened membranous sacs

Function

- Receives vesicles from nucleus

- Modify vesicle contents

Front 25

Vesicles

Back 25

Structure:

- Small, spherically shaped sacs surrounded by a single membrane

Front 26

Lysosomes

Back 26

Structure:

- bud from golgi; contain digestive enzymes

Front 27

Peroxisomes

Back 27

Structure:

- similar to lysosomes but contain different enzymes, not produced by golgi

Function:

- neutralize detoxify alcohol & drugs

Front 28

Cytoskeleton

Back 28

Structure:

- A network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscross the cytosol

1. Microtubules

2. Microfilaments

3. Intermediate Filaments

Functions:

- Give structure/shape to cellsAct as tracks for movement within the cell

Front 29

Microtubules

Back 29

- Hollow tubes made of protein called tubulin

- Hold organelles in place, maintain shape, act as track

Front 30

Microfilaments

Back 30

- Long threads of the beadlike protein actin linked end-to-end and wrapped around each other

- Contribute to cell movement

Front 31

Intermediate Filaments

Back 31

Rod-like structures that anchor the nucleus and other organelles into place

Front 32

Cillia and Flagella

Back 32

Structure:

- Hair-like structures that extend from surface of the cell short and numerous 9:2 structure

Function:

- Assist in cell movement

Cillia

short, present in large numbers

Flagella

Long single hair like structure

Front 33

Cell Wall

Back 33

Structure:

- rigid layer that lies outside the membrane

- contains cellulose, a carbohydrate embedded in a matrix of proteins and other carbs

Function:

- Structure/protection

- Allow H2O, ions, and some molecules to enter/exit the cell

Front 34

Central Vacuole

Back 34

Structure:

- Large, fluid-filled organelle

- Formed from fusion of smaller vacuoles

Function:

- stores H2O, enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials

Front 35

Plastids

Back 35

Structure:

- Organelles surrounded by double membraneContain their own DNA

Function

- Contains specific substances and performs a specific function for the cell

Front 36

Chloroplasts

Back 36

Structure:

- contain a system of flattened, membranous sacs called thylakoids

Function:

- Use light E to make carbohydrates from CO2

Front 37

Chromoplasts

Back 37

Contain colorful pigments that may or may not take part in photosynthesis