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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology p.130
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The psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences.
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Nature-nuture issue p.130
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the long-standing discussion over the relative importance of nature (heredity) and nuture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes
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Discontinuity View p. 132
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The perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuity) fashion-as opposed to the continuity.
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Interaction p.130
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A process by which forces work together or influence each other-as in the interaction between the forces of heredity and environment.
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Developmental stages p. 133
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Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning.
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Identical Twins p. 131
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A pair who started life as a single fertilized egg which later split into two distinct individuals. Identical twins have exactly the same genes.
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Prenatal Period p. 135
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The developmental period before birth.
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Fraternal twins p. 131
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A pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb. Fraternal twins, on average, have about 50% of their genetic material in common.
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Zygote p.135
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A fertilized egg.
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continuity view p. 132
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The perspective that develpment is gradual and continuous-as opposed to the discontinuity (stage) view.
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Embryo p. 135
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In humans, the name for the developing organism during the first 8 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION.
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Fetus p. 135
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In humans, the term for the developing organism BETWEEN THE EMBRYONIC STAGE AND BIRTH.
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Attachment p. 138
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The enduring social emotion relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver.
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Placenta p. 135
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The Organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother. The placenta separates the bloodstreams, but it allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
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Imprinting p. 138
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A primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear.
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Teratogens p. 135
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Substances from the environment including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period.
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Contact Comfort p. 141
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Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver.
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Neonatal period p 136
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In humans, the neonatal (newborn) period extends through the first month after birth.
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Maturation p. 141
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The process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time.
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Infancy p. 137
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In humans, infancy spans the time between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language-usually at about 18 months to 2 years.
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Language aquisition device LAD p. 145
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A biological organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the leaning of language because (according to Chomsky) it is innately programmed with some of the fundemental rules of grammar.
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Grammar p. 146
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The rules of language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences.
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Accommodation p. 148
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A mental process that restructures existing schemes so that new information is better understood.
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Morphemes p. 146
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The meaningful untis of language that make up words. Some whole words are morphemes. (Example. "word"); other morphemes include grammatical components that alter a word's meaning ( Examples: "-ed," ing," "un-".)
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Sensorimotor stage p.149
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The first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor response to stimuli.
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Overregularization p.147
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Applying a grammatical rule to widely and creating incorrect forms.
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Mental representation p. 149
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the ability to for internal images of objects and events.
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Schemas p. 148
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In Piaget's theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child's thought.
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Object permanence p. 149
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the knowledge that objects exist independently of one's own actions or awareness.
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Assimilation p. 148
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A mental process modifies new information to fit into exsisting schemes.
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Preoperational stage p. 149
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The SECOND STAGE IN PIAGETS theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language.
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Egocentrism p. 149
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In Piaget's theory, the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints besides one's own.
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Animistic thinking p. 150
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A preoperational mode of thought in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes.
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Centration p. 150
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A preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time.
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Theory of mind p. 152
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An awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own.
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Irreversibility p.150
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The inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps.
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Temperament p. 152
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An individual's characteristic manner of behavior or reaction-assumed to have a stong genetic basis.
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Concrete Operational stage p. 150
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The third of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought.
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Psychosocial stages p. 156
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In Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to eight mental challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals, as well as relationships with others.
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Conservation p. 151
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The understanding that physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances changes but nothing is added or taken away.
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Adolescence p. 159
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In industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending (less clearly) at adulthood.
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Mental operations p. 151
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Solving problems by manipulating images in one's mind.
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Rites of passage p. 159
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Social rituals that mark the ransition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood.
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Puberty p.159
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The onset of sexual maturity.
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Alzheimer's Disease p. 171
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A degenerative brain disease usually noticed first by its debilitating effects on memory.
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Primary sex characteristics p. 159
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The sex organs and genitals.
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Selective Social Interaction p. 172
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Choosing to restrict the number of one's social contacts to those who are the most gratifying.
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Secondary sex characteristics p. 159
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Gender-related physical features that develop during puberty, including facial hair and deepening voice in males, widened hips and enlarged breasts in females, and the development of pubic hair on both sexes.
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Formal operation stage p. 160
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The last of Piaget's stages, during which abstract thought appears.
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Generativity p. 168
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In Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations.
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