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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeletal System Components |
- Bones - Joints (Two or more bones connect) - Cartilage (Cushions & protects bones) - Ligaments (Connect bone to bone) - Tendons (Connect muscle to bone) |
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Skeletal System Functions |
- Support - Protection - Movement - Storage (fats & minerals) - Blood cell formation |
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Axial Skeleton |
Protects your brain, heart, lungs, and spinal cord |
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Appendicular Skeleton |
Provides place for muscle attachment to allow for movement |
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Parts of the Spine |
- Cervical (Neck) - Thoracic (Upper/mid back) - Lumbar (Low back) - Sacrum (Fused together) - Coccyx (Tailbone) |
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Bone Structure |
- Compact bone (forms outer shell of all bones & the shaft of long bones) - Spongy bone (fills the head of most long & irregular bones) - Marrow (Spongy, fatty tissue that produces red & white blood cells & platelets) |
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Osteoclasts |
Bone resorption- keeps the bones hard * With age, bone resorption is greater than bone formation |
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Osteoblasts |
Bone formation- formation of spongy tissue |
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Normal age-related changes |
- Osteopenia (gradual loss of Ca+2, reduction in bone density) - Changes in cartilage (becomes rougher) - Changes in intervertebral discs (becomes stiff) - Changes in tendons, ligaments (loss of strength) |
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Osteoporosis vs. Osteopenia |
- Osteoporosis= sufficient bone mass is lost to cause fractures - Occurs mostly in the spongy part of bone (ends) |
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Lifetime Changes in Bone Mass (Puberty to mid-20s & 30s) |
- Women + Men- Bone mass increases rapidly, reaching peak bone mass
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Lifetime Changes in Bone Mass (Mid- 30s to 40s)
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- Women- A few years of stability, then slow bone loss - Men- No risk factors bone loss 1%/ year, W/ risk factors bone loss greater than or equal to 6%/ year |
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Lifetime Changes in Bone Mass (Mid- 40s to 50s) |
- Women- Menopause, then rapid bone loss greater than or equal to 7%/ year for greater than or equal to years - Men- No risk factors bone loss 1%/ year, W/ risk factors bone loss greater than or equal to 6%/ year |
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Lifetime Changes in Bone Mass (Mid-50s to late life) |
- Women- Continuing bone loss of 1% to 2%/ year - Men- No risk factors bone loss 1%/ year, W/ risk factors bone loss greater than or equal to 6%/ year |
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Risk factors for Osteoporosis (Factors you can't control)
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- Being female - Getting older - Hormone deficiency - Having a small frame - Family history - Certain disorders - Certain medicines |
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Risk factors for Osteoporosis (Factors you can control) |
- Smoking - Exercise - Alcohol - Caffeine - Diet |
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Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (Type I) |
- Age: 50-70 - Female:Male Ratio: 6:1 - Fracture Sites: Wrist, Spine - Bone Type Affected: Spongy - Main Risk Factor: Menopause |
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Involutional Osteoporosis (Type II) |
- Age: Over 70 - Female:Male Ratio: 2:1 - Fracture Sites: Hip - Bone Type Affected: Compact - Main Risk Factor: Age |
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Prevention of Osteoporosis |
- Diet - Exercise - No smoking - Limited alcohol - Frequent bone density testing |
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Arthritis |
Inflammation or degenerative changes in the body's joints |
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Osteoarthritis (How common & potential causes) |
- Leading cause of disability in people >65 - Potential causes: Age-related changes, obesity, trauma, genetics) |
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Osteoarthritis (Symptoms & treatment) |
- Sx: Pain, stiffness, joint instability & restriction of movement - Treatment: PT, exercise, rest, & reduce stress of joints |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis |
- Autoimmune/genetic disorder & systemic problem - Sx: Fatigue, energy loss, lack of appetite, low grade fever, muscle/joint aches & stiffness - Treatment: Symptom relief, preserving joint function, rest, exercise, meds |
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Gout |
- Metabolic disease of the kidneys / Excessive uric acid in the blood - Attacks are sudden (Lasts 5-8 days) |
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Osteomalacia |
- Metabolic bone disease - Demineralization of the bone: Bone softening, deformity, fractures, bone pain - Difference from osteoporosis is it has less minerals in the bone - Treatment: Vitamin D & Ca+2 supplements |
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Cardiac Muscles |
- Network of fibers that initiation own contractions - Continually pumps the heart |
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Skeletal Muscles |
- Supports skeleton - Heat production - Act on bone to produce voluntary actions |
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Smooth Muscles |
- Lines wall of digestive tract, bladder, blood vessels |
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4 Characteristics of all Muscles |
- Excitability (ability to respond to stimulation) - Contractibility (ability to contract & become shorter) - Extensibility (ability to lengthen or stretch) - Elasticity (ability to regain original shape after contracting/extending) |
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Normal Age-Related Changes (Skeletal muscles) |
- Fewer muscle cells/fibers
- Atrophy - Sacropenia (decline in muscle mass/ increase in fatigue, frailty, disabilities, falling, and ADL impairment) |
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Normal Age- Related Changes (Smooth/Cardiac muscles)
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- Loss of elasticity
- Loss of muscle strength |
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Muscle Cramps |
- Tight, painful contraction of a muscle - Caused by poor blood flow, low blood sugar, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
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Bursitis |
- Bursae= fluid filed sacs in the joints - Cuased by infection, Ca+2 deposits, overuse, trauma - Causes pain upon movement |
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Myalgia |
General term for temporary or chronic muscle pain |
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Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR |
- Inflammatory disorder affecting women agers 50+ - Cause is unknown, symptoms developed quickly |
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Myasthenia Gravis |
- Progressive acquired auto-immune disorder - Antibodies attack and destroy acetylcholine receptors needed for muscle contraction |
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Dorsal Kyphosis |
- Extreme curving of the dorsal spine, leads a slouching posture -Caused by osteoporotic changes in the vertebra (congenital, trauma, surgery) - Treatment: medications, exercise, braces |
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Lordosis |
Increased curator of the lumbar spine |
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Scoliosis |
A lateral or sideways curvature of the spine |
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Low Back Pain |
- Cause: Osteoarthritis or spinal stenosis - Affected: Older adults who over/misuse their back or peeps w/ poor mechanics - Physical symptoms: low back pain, radiating pain, numbers, cramping, weakness, loss of bladder/bowel control |
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Bodily effects of Aging Musculoskeletal system |
- Sharpness of vision decreases - Reduction in lung volume - Changes in digestion and incontinence - Decreased glycogen storage |
