Chapter 4-Lesson 1

Front 1

Ptolemy

Back 1

Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Egyptian writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology.

Front 2

Copernicus

Back 2

Nicolas Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, possibly independently.

Front 3

Kepler

Back 3

Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his laws of planetary motion.

Front 4

Galileo Galilei

Back 4

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician who played a major role in the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.

Front 5

Francis Bacon

Back 5

Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban PC KC was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. He served both as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England.

Front 6

Descartes

Back 6

René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. Dubbed the father of modern western philosophy, much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day.

Front 7

Newton

Back 7

The newton (symbol: N) is the International System of Units (SI) derived unit of force. It is named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics, specifically Newton's second law of motion. Sir Isaac Newton FRS was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and a key figure in the scientific revolution.

Front 8

Revolution

Back 8

A forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.

Front 9

Geocentric

Back 9

A Geocentric theory is an astronomical theory which describes the universe as a Geocentric system, i.e., a system which puts the Earth in the center of the universe, and describes other objects from the point of view of the Earth.

Front 10

Astronomer

Back 10

An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who concentrates their studies on a specific question or field outside of the scope of Earth.

Front 11

Heliocentric

Back 11

Having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. Measured from or considered in relation to the center of the sun.

Front 12

Excommunication

Back 12

Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments. Some Protestants practice an alternate form of excusing congregants from the church.

Front 13

Ellipses

Back 13

a regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points (the foci) is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane that does not intersect the base.

Front 14

Heresy

Back 14

Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious (especially Christian) doctrine. Opinion profoundly at odds with what is generally accepted.

Front 15

Scientific Method

Back 15

A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Front 16

Hypothesis

Back 16

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. A proposition made as a basis for reasoning, without any assumption of its truth.