Chapter 4 Key Terms

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Robert Walpole

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was a British statesman who is generally regarded as having been the first prime minister of Great Britain

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privy council

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a body that advises the head of state of a nation concerning the exercise of executive authority, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government

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Benjamin Franklin

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one of the founding fathers of the United States and important figure in the scientific enlightenment

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New France

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the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, in 1534, to its cession in 1763 to Spain and Britain

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Paltry Wages

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unfair wages made towards American workers

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Albany Plan

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an early attempt at forming a union of the colonies by Benjamin Franklin

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French Indian War

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the war between Great Britain and France in North America, in 1756 the war erupted into the world-wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War and thus came to be regarded as the North American theater of that war.

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Louis XIV

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the king of France from 1643 until his death during the French Revolution

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Louis Joliet

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was a French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America

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Father Jacques Marquette

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was a French Jesuit missionary who founded Michigan's first European settlement, Sault Ste. Marie, and later founded St. Ignace, Michigan. In 1673 Father Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the northern portion of the Mississippi River.

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Rene Robert Cavalier

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was a French explorer, he explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of Mexico, La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for France.

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King Williams War

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The first of the French and Indian Wars, King William's War was the name used in the English colonies in America to refer to the North American theater of the Seven Year's War. It was fought between England, France, and their respective American Indian allies in the colonies of Canada (New France), Acadia, and New England.

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Fort Necessity

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The Battle of Fort Necessity occurred on July 3, 1754 and was an early battle of the French and Indian War.

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William Pitt

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was a British Whig statesman who achieved his greatest fame leading Britain during the Seven Years' War

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Siege of Quebec

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a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War, the confrontation, which began on 13 September 1759, was fought between the British Army and Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City, on land owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin.

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Peace of Paris 1763

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was signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years' War.

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Proclamation of 1763

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was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the Seven Years' War.

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Greenville Ministry

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a British Government headed by George Grenville, it was formed after the previous Prime Minister, the Earl of Bute, had resigned following fierce criticism of his signing of the Treaty of Paris with its perceived lenient terms for France and Spain despite Britain's successes in the Seven Years War.

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Sugar Act

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was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain

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Currency Act

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is the name of several acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America

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Paxton Boys

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was a vigilante group that murdered twenty Native Americans in events sometimes called the Conestoga Massacre

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Stamp Act

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a law enacted by government that requires a tax to be paid on the transfer of certain documents, the stamp act was considered unfair by many people

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Virginia Resolves

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were a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia General Assembly in response to the Stamp Act of 1765, the Stamp Act had been passed by the British Parliament to help pay off some of its debt from its various wars, including the French and Indian War ostensibly fought to protect the American colonies

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Sons Of Liberty

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was a political group made up of American Patriots that originated in the pre-independence North American British colonies, the group was designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War, these patriots attacked the apparatus and symbols of British authority and power through both words and deeds

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Mutiny Act

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was an act passed yearly by Parliament for governing the British Army, it was originally passed in 1689 in response to the mutiny of a large portion of the army which stayed loyal to the Stuarts upon William III taking the crown of England

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Quartering Act

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is the name of at least two 18th-century acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, these Quartering Acts were used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions

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Boston Tea Party

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was a direct action by colonists in Boston, a town in the British colony of Massachusetts, against the British government, on December 16, 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor, the incident remains an iconic event of American history, and other political protests often refer to it

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Townshend Act

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were a series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America.

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Navigation Act

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were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651

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Boston Massacre

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was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British troops on March 5, 1770, the legal aftermath of which helped spark the rebellion in some of the British American colonies, which culminated in the American Revolutionary War

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Samuel Adams

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was a statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. As a politician in colonial Massachusetts, Adams was a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and was one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States.

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Loyalists

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someone who maintains loyalty to an established government, political party, or sovereign, especially during war or revolutionary change

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Patriots

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s someone who feels or voices expressions of patriotism, support for their country.

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Gaspee Incident

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was a significant event in the lead-up to the American Revolution, Gaspée, a British revenue schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water near what is now known as Gaspee Point in the city of Warwick, Rhode Island, while chasing the packet boat Hannah.

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Tea Act

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was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain to expand the British East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade to all British Colonies, selling excess tea at a reduced price

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Daughters of Liberty

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was a successful Colonial American group that consisted of women who displayed their patriotism by participating in boycotts of British goods following the passage of the Townshend Acts using their feminine skills of the time, they made homespun cloth and other goods

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Coercive Acts

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are names used to describe a series of five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America

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First Continental Congress

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was a convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen North American colonies that met on September 5, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.

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John Adams

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was an American politician and political philosopher and the second President of the United States, after being the first Vice President of the United States for two terms he was one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States

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Battle of Lexington and Concord

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were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War

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General Thomas Gage

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was a British general, best known for his role in the early days of the American War of Independence

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Paul Revere

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was an American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution

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John Dickinson Letters to a farmer

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is a series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer and legislator John Dickinson and published under the name "A Farmer" from 1767 to 1768. The twelve letters were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were important in uniting the colonists against the Townshend Acts, the success of his letters earned Dickinson considerable fame