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135 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Name the 5 cellular adaptions due to external stressors
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
The process of decreasing size and increasing efficiency due to a decreased workload
Atrophy
Atrophy generally affects cells found in ?
Skeletal Muscle
Heart
Brain
Sex organs
In reference to the heart, an abnormal enlargement resulting from pathology
Dialation
As heart cell muscles increase in size, the force of contraction _____ due to expanded mass
Decrease
Hypertrophy commonly affects the ?
Heart and Kidneys
An increase in the number of cells due to an increase in the workload is
Hyperplasia
Cells that divide and duplicate by dividing the nucleus and DNA is called
Mitosis
Cells capable of undergoing hyperplasia are
Epithelial, glandular, and Epidermal cells
Cells that cannot divide by mitosis and cannot undergo hyperplasia are?
Skeletal, Cardiac, and nerve tissues
The replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue
Metaplasia
T or F
Metaplasia is reversible if the cuasative factor is removed in time
True
Abnormal change in cell size, shape, and appearance due to some external stressor
Dysplasia
____ cells have a high tendency to cause malignant change if they are present for an extended period of time
Dysplastic
Name the 7 different types of cellular injuries
hypoxia,
chemicals,
Infectious agents,
Inflammatory reactions,
physical agents,
Nutritional factors,
Genetic factors
a blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to cells
Ischemia
As the cells becomes progressively more ischemic, the intracellular metabolism becomes_____?
Anaerobic (without oxygen)
With anerobic metabolism, there is a _____ in ATP production and a ______ in production of harmful acids
Decrease
Increase
Infarction is the result of ____?
cellular and tissue death
______ make up a large percentage of those affected by chemicals
Children
The most common cause of cellular injury?
Infectious injury
Name 4 examples of microorganisms that can cause infectious injury
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
A microorganism that is capable of producing infection or disease
Pathogen
What is the chief barrier to ward off most pathogens
Skin
What is the most widely publicized form of cellular injury?
Improper nutrition
What is the difference of Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Anabolism is the building up phase, it takes nonliving substances from blood and other environments and converts it to living cytoplasm
Catabolism is the breaking down phase which breaks down complex substances into simple ones and realeases energy
a result of cellular injury and swelling in which lipids (fat vesicles) invade the area of injury
Fatty Change
Fatty deposits commonly occur is the kidney and heart, but most commonly in the _____.
Liver
There are 2 processes that cellular death leads to, name them
Apoptosis- cells release enzymes that destroy itself (the normal way)
Necrosis- pathological cell change
What are the 4 types of necrosis
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fatty
_______ Necrosis refers to tissue death over a wide area and there are three types
Gangrenous
1-Dry
2-Wet
3-Gas
In apoptis cells _____, and in necrosis cells ____, and ____
shrink
swell
rupture
The 2 main compartments that body fluids are stored are
Intracellular and Extracellular
Movement of water in and out of the vascular system is governed by
Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure)
T or F
Little can be done to treat Edema in the prehospital setting
True
What is the fluid of the cardiovascular system
Blood
_____ is made up of 92% water, 6-7% proteins, and small portion of other dissolved substances
Plasma
The most desirable fluid for blood loss replacement is ?
Whole Blood
The type of blood that is considered the "universal donor" is ?
Type O blood
Common types of signs and symptons of a transfusion reaction include:
Fever, chills, hives, hypotension, palpations, tachycardia, flushing, headaches, LOC, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath
The 2 standard forms of Intravenous fluids
Colloids
Crystalloids
Expired donated human blood or bovine (cow) blood are 2 examples of
hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solutions (HBOCs)
The primary compounds used in prehospital settings are?
Crystalloids
What are the 3 most commonly used solutions in prehospital care
Lactated Ringer's (isotonic)
Normal Saline (isotonic)
D5W (hypotonic)
Hydrogen immediately combines with ______, which forms carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then turns into what 2 things
Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide
Water
The retention of CO2 causes ____?
Respiratory Acidosis
In respiratory acidosis, the CO2 level is _____ while the pH level is _______?
Increased
Decreased
Increased respiration and excessive elimination of CO2 causes____?
Respiratory Alkalosis
In respiratory alkalosis, the CO2 level is _____ while the pH level is ____?
Decreased
Increased
The production of metabolic acids, like lactic acid. Dehydration from diarrhea/vomiting, diabetes also could cause this?
Metabolic Acidosis
In Metabolic Acidosis, the pH level is _______ and the CO2 level is ________.
Decreased
Normal
The adminsitration of diuretics and the overzealous administraion of sodium bicarb could cause _____?
Metabolic Alkalosis
In Metabolic Alkalosis the pH level is _______ and the CO2 level is ________?
Increased
Normal
Every one of a person's somatic cells contains ___ Chromosomes. _____ comes the father and _____ comes from the mother.
46
23
23
The study of effects of diseases on individuals is broken into 3 factors, what are they?
Host- ie: gender, etnic orgin
Agent- ie: toxin, gunshot, virus
Environment- ie: climate, culture, religion
The study of effects of diseases on populations is broken into which 3 factors?
Incidence- # of new cases reported in a given period of time
Prevalence- Proportion of total population who are affected
(prevalence is always higher than incidence)
Mortality- the death rate
_____ ______ is the most publicized and controllable causes of disease in our society
Personal Habit
The greatest risk for breast cancer is ?
Age
The causes of _____ cancer are overwhelmingly environmental.
Lung Cancer
The most common endocrine disorder is ______, which is the leading cause of blindness, heart disease, kidney failure and premature death.
Diabetes mellitus
Type II diabetes accounts for about ___% of all diabetes cases.
80%
Those with parents that have Coronary Artery Disease have an approximate ______ fold risk of developing the disease.
Five fold
Obesity is defined as being more than ____% over the ideal body weight
20%
A common type of Rheumatic Disorder is?
Gout
people w/ gout have tendency to develop kidney stones
Name 5 common Gastrointestinal Disorders
Lactose Intolerance
Crohn's Disease
Peptic Ulcers
Cholecystitis
Obesity
Name 4 common Neuromuscular Disorders
Huntington's Disease
Muscular Dystrophy
Multiple Sclerosis
Alzheimer's Disease
The constant and necessary passage of blood through the body's tissues
Perfusion
______ is almost always a result of inadequate cardiac output.
Hypoperfusion (shock)
Name the 3 factors that decrease effective cardiac output
Inadequate pump
Inadequate fluid
Inadequate container
At the simplest level, _____ is inadequate tissue perfusion.
Shock
The primary energy source for cells is _____?
Glucose
T or F
Stage one of glucose breakdown (glycolysis) does not require oxygen.
True
it is known as anaerobic metabolism
The 3 stages of shock are
Compensated
Decompensated (progressive)
Irreversible
Name the 5 different types of shock
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Neurogenic
Anaphylactic
Septic
The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is
Left Ventricle failure
Most Pt's who experience cardiogenic shock will have ______ blood volume
Normal
Name signs of Cardiogenic Shock
Pulmonary edema (diff. breathing)
Altered mental status
Productive cough
T or F
Fluid administration should be aggressive for a PT in cardiogenic shock.
False
IV fluid should be at a TKO rate and be kept at a minimum
Name the possible causes of Hypovolemic shock (7)
-Internal/External hemorrhage
-Traumatic Injury
-Long bone/ open fractures
-severe dehydration from vomiting/diarrhea
-plasma loss from burns
-excessive sweating
-diabetic ketacidosis
The signs of hypovolemic shock are
Skin- pale, cool, clamy
B/P- normal then falls
Pulse- normal then rapid then falls
In hypovolemic shock aggressive fluid administration is required to achieve permissive hypotension. What is permissive hypotension?
Administering enough fluids to maintain a systolic BP between 70-85 mmHg.
Injury to either the brain of spinal cord, resulting in an interruption fo nerve impulses to the arteries
Neurogenic Shock
Signs of neurogenic shock
Skin- Warm, red, dry
B/P- Low
Pulse- Low
T or F
In anaphylactic shock, the faster the reaction, the more severe it is.
True
Signs of anaphylaxis
Skin- flushing, itching, hives, swelling, cyanosis
Respiratory- difficult, sneezing, coughing, wheezing, stridor, laryngeal edema, laryngospasms
B/P- Low
Pulse- High
Your first concern in anaphylaxis is
Protecting the airway due to Laryngeal edema
Septic shock is due to ?
Infection that enters the bloodstream
The most susceptible organ system for septic shock is
Lungs and respiratory system
What is the most common cause of MODS?
Sepsis/ Septic Shock
MODS usually develops over a period of _______ weeks.
2,3, or more weeks
Name the 5 infectious agents
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Prions
"Destructive to life" is a term for
Antibiotic
What is the difference between exotoxin and endotoxin
Exotoxin- secretes toxic substances during the cell growth period
Endotoxins- release toxic substances when the cells die
True or False
Endotoxins can survive even when the cell that produced them die.
True
Most infections are caused by _____, also referred to as intracellular parasite
Viruses
Mycoses are
Fungus infections
What are the 3 lines of defense against infection and or injury
Anatomic Barriers
Inflammatory response
Immune response
Describe the Anatomic Barriers
(examples, external/internal, specific/nonspecific)
Examples- skin, mucous membranes
it is an external response that is nonspecific
Name the characteristics of the inflammatory response
fast acting
nonspecific
internal
transient (no memory)
involves multiple cell types
Name the characteristics of the Immune response
Slow
Specific
Long-term ( memory)
usually involves one blood cell type (lymphocyte)
What is the difference between Natural and Acquired Immunity?
Natural- is not generated by immune system, part of the genetic makeup
Acquired-
Active- immune after exposure to the antigen
Passive- immune from an outside source, ex. tetanus shot
What is the difference between Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity
Humoral- B-lymphocytes that develop antibodies and develop a memory of the antigen, does not attack antigen directly
Cell-mediated- T-lymphocyte that directly attack the antigen
Antigens that trigger the immune response are called
Immunogens
True or False
All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens
True
Not all antigens trigger the immune system
The 2 groups that trigger the strongest immune response are the ?
Rh blood group
ABO Blood group
Which blood types are known as "Universal donors" and "Universal recipients"
Type O is universal donor
Type AB is universal recipient
Name the 4 phases of Inflammation
Phase 1- Acute Inflammation
Phase 2- Chronic Inflammation
Phase 3- Granuloma Inflammation
Phase 4- Healing
What are the 4 functions of Inflammation (during all the phases)
*Destroy and remove unwanted substance
*Wall off the infected and inflammed area
*Stimulate the immune response
*Promote healing
The chief activator of the inflammatory response are
Mast cells
Mast cells have 2 functions what are they?
Dregranulation
Synthesis
Chemotaxis is the attraction of
White blood cells
Acute phase reactants (plasma proteins) are mostly produced in the ______
Liver
Chronic Inflammation is any inflammation that lasts longer than ____ weeks.
2 weeks
Cells that create collagen, and is a critical factor in healing are called
Fibroblasts
What is a granuloma?
A tumor that is formed when a foreign body cannot be destroyed and is walled off
What are the 3 fuNanctions of Exudate?
1- to dilute toxins
2- to bring plasma to site of attack
3- to carry away toxins, dead cells, and pus
Describe the 2 outcomes of healing
Resolution- complete restoration of normal structure
Repair- scar formation
An exaggerated and harmful immune response
Hypersensitivity
What are the 3 types of Hypersensitivity?
1- Allergy
2- Autoimmunity
3- Isoimmunity (alloimmunity)
The swiftest immediate hypersensitvity response is
Anaphylaxis
Name the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Type I- IgE reaction
Type II- Tissue-specific reaction
Type III- Immune complex-mediated reaction
Type IV- cell-mediated reaction
Name the 2 types of Immune Dificiency
Congenital (inborn)
Acquired (after birth)
What are some ways to develop acquired immune deficiencies
Nutrition
Iatrogenic (medical treatment)
Trauma
Stress
AIDS
What are the 3 stages of stress
Stage I- Alarm
Stage II- Resistnace
Stage III- Exhaustion
This is known as the "fight or flight" stage, Pupils dilate, HR increases, Blood glucose rises, digestion slows, BP rises, blood flow increase, endocrine system is aroused, pituitary and adrenal glands secrete hormones
Stage I Alarm stage
Sympathetic nervous system responses return to normal, in most situations it is the last stage of stress. It is also called the Adaptation stage
Stage II Resistance stage
Known as the burnout stage, physical illness may occur
Stage III Exhaustion stage
Name the 5 hormones produced in response to stress
Catecholamines
Cortisol
Beta endorphines
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchoconstriction, and stimulation of metabolism are caused by _____receptors
Alpha 1
These receptors prevent overrelease of norepinephrine when stimulated
Alpha 2
Stimulation of _____ receptors cause increase of heart rate, cardiac contractile force, cardiac automaticity, and conduction
Beta 1
Stimulation causes vasodilation and bronchodilation
Beta 2
The release of cortisol primarily regulates ______.
Metabolism
One of the primary functions of Cortisol is the stimulation of ______.
Gluconeogenesis
It has the overall effect of elevating blood glucose
What are some examples of Physiological Stress?
Burns
Extreme temps.
Starvation