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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the 5 cellular adaptions due to external stressors
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Atrophy
Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia |
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The process of decreasing size and increasing efficiency due to a decreased workload
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Atrophy
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Atrophy generally affects cells found in ?
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Skeletal Muscle
Heart Brain Sex organs |
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In reference to the heart, an abnormal enlargement resulting from pathology
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Dialation
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As heart cell muscles increase in size, the force of contraction _____ due to expanded mass
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Decrease
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Hypertrophy commonly affects the ?
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Heart and Kidneys
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An increase in the number of cells due to an increase in the workload is
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Hyperplasia
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Cells that divide and duplicate by dividing the nucleus and DNA is called
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Mitosis
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Cells capable of undergoing hyperplasia are
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Epithelial, glandular, and Epidermal cells
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Cells that cannot divide by mitosis and cannot undergo hyperplasia are?
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Skeletal, Cardiac, and nerve tissues
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The replacement of one type of cell by another type of cell that is not normal for that tissue
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Metaplasia
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T or F
Metaplasia is reversible if the cuasative factor is removed in time |
True
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Abnormal change in cell size, shape, and appearance due to some external stressor
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Dysplasia
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____ cells have a high tendency to cause malignant change if they are present for an extended period of time
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Dysplastic
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Name the 7 different types of cellular injuries
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hypoxia,
chemicals, Infectious agents, Inflammatory reactions, physical agents, Nutritional factors, Genetic factors |
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a blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to cells
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Ischemia
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As the cells becomes progressively more ischemic, the intracellular metabolism becomes_____?
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Anaerobic (without oxygen)
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With anerobic metabolism, there is a _____ in ATP production and a ______ in production of harmful acids
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Decrease
Increase |
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Infarction is the result of ____?
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cellular and tissue death
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______ make up a large percentage of those affected by chemicals
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Children
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The most common cause of cellular injury?
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Infectious injury
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Name 4 examples of microorganisms that can cause infectious injury
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Bacteria
Viruses Fungi Parasites |
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A microorganism that is capable of producing infection or disease
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Pathogen
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What is the chief barrier to ward off most pathogens
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Skin
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What is the most widely publicized form of cellular injury?
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Improper nutrition
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What is the difference of Anabolism vs. Catabolism
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Anabolism is the building up phase, it takes nonliving substances from blood and other environments and converts it to living cytoplasm
Catabolism is the breaking down phase which breaks down complex substances into simple ones and realeases energy |
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a result of cellular injury and swelling in which lipids (fat vesicles) invade the area of injury
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Fatty Change
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Fatty deposits commonly occur is the kidney and heart, but most commonly in the _____.
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Liver
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There are 2 processes that cellular death leads to, name them
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Apoptosis- cells release enzymes that destroy itself (the normal way)
Necrosis- pathological cell change |
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What are the 4 types of necrosis
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Coagulative
Liquefactive Caseous Fatty |
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_______ Necrosis refers to tissue death over a wide area and there are three types
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Gangrenous
1-Dry 2-Wet 3-Gas |
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In apoptis cells _____, and in necrosis cells ____, and ____
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shrink
swell rupture |
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The 2 main compartments that body fluids are stored are
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Intracellular and Extracellular
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Movement of water in and out of the vascular system is governed by
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Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure)
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T or F
Little can be done to treat Edema in the prehospital setting |
True
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What is the fluid of the cardiovascular system
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Blood
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_____ is made up of 92% water, 6-7% proteins, and small portion of other dissolved substances
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Plasma
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The most desirable fluid for blood loss replacement is ?
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Whole Blood
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The type of blood that is considered the "universal donor" is ?
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Type O blood
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Common types of signs and symptons of a transfusion reaction include:
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Fever, chills, hives, hypotension, palpations, tachycardia, flushing, headaches, LOC, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath
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The 2 standard forms of Intravenous fluids
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Colloids
Crystalloids |
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Expired donated human blood or bovine (cow) blood are 2 examples of
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hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solutions (HBOCs)
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The primary compounds used in prehospital settings are?
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Crystalloids
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What are the 3 most commonly used solutions in prehospital care
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Lactated Ringer's (isotonic)
Normal Saline (isotonic) D5W (hypotonic) |
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Hydrogen immediately combines with ______, which forms carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then turns into what 2 things
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Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide Water |
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The retention of CO2 causes ____?
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Respiratory Acidosis
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In respiratory acidosis, the CO2 level is _____ while the pH level is _______?
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Increased
Decreased |
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Increased respiration and excessive elimination of CO2 causes____?
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Respiratory Alkalosis
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In respiratory alkalosis, the CO2 level is _____ while the pH level is ____?
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Decreased
Increased |
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The production of metabolic acids, like lactic acid. Dehydration from diarrhea/vomiting, diabetes also could cause this?
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Metabolic Acidosis
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In Metabolic Acidosis, the pH level is _______ and the CO2 level is ________.
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Decreased
Normal |
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The adminsitration of diuretics and the overzealous administraion of sodium bicarb could cause _____?
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Metabolic Alkalosis
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In Metabolic Alkalosis the pH level is _______ and the CO2 level is ________?
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Increased
Normal |
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Every one of a person's somatic cells contains ___ Chromosomes. _____ comes the father and _____ comes from the mother.
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46
23 23 |
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The study of effects of diseases on individuals is broken into 3 factors, what are they?
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Host- ie: gender, etnic orgin
Agent- ie: toxin, gunshot, virus Environment- ie: climate, culture, religion |
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The study of effects of diseases on populations is broken into which 3 factors?
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Incidence- # of new cases reported in a given period of time
Prevalence- Proportion of total population who are affected (prevalence is always higher than incidence) Mortality- the death rate |
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_____ ______ is the most publicized and controllable causes of disease in our society
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Personal Habit
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The greatest risk for breast cancer is ?
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Age
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The causes of _____ cancer are overwhelmingly environmental.
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Lung Cancer
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The most common endocrine disorder is ______, which is the leading cause of blindness, heart disease, kidney failure and premature death.
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Diabetes mellitus
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Type II diabetes accounts for about ___% of all diabetes cases.
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80%
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Those with parents that have Coronary Artery Disease have an approximate ______ fold risk of developing the disease.
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Five fold
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Obesity is defined as being more than ____% over the ideal body weight
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20%
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A common type of Rheumatic Disorder is?
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Gout
people w/ gout have tendency to develop kidney stones |
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Name 5 common Gastrointestinal Disorders
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Lactose Intolerance
Crohn's Disease Peptic Ulcers Cholecystitis Obesity |
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Name 4 common Neuromuscular Disorders
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Huntington's Disease
Muscular Dystrophy Multiple Sclerosis Alzheimer's Disease |
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The constant and necessary passage of blood through the body's tissues
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Perfusion
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______ is almost always a result of inadequate cardiac output.
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Hypoperfusion (shock)
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Name the 3 factors that decrease effective cardiac output
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Inadequate pump
Inadequate fluid Inadequate container |
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At the simplest level, _____ is inadequate tissue perfusion.
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Shock
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The primary energy source for cells is _____?
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Glucose
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T or F
Stage one of glucose breakdown (glycolysis) does not require oxygen. |
True
it is known as anaerobic metabolism |
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The 3 stages of shock are
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Compensated
Decompensated (progressive) Irreversible |
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Name the 5 different types of shock
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Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic Neurogenic Anaphylactic Septic |
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The most common cause of cardiogenic shock is
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Left Ventricle failure
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Most Pt's who experience cardiogenic shock will have ______ blood volume
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Normal
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Name signs of Cardiogenic Shock
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Pulmonary edema (diff. breathing)
Altered mental status Productive cough |
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T or F
Fluid administration should be aggressive for a PT in cardiogenic shock. |
False
IV fluid should be at a TKO rate and be kept at a minimum |
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Name the possible causes of Hypovolemic shock (7)
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-Internal/External hemorrhage
-Traumatic Injury -Long bone/ open fractures -severe dehydration from vomiting/diarrhea -plasma loss from burns -excessive sweating -diabetic ketacidosis |
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The signs of hypovolemic shock are
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Skin- pale, cool, clamy
B/P- normal then falls Pulse- normal then rapid then falls |
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In hypovolemic shock aggressive fluid administration is required to achieve permissive hypotension. What is permissive hypotension?
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Administering enough fluids to maintain a systolic BP between 70-85 mmHg.
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Injury to either the brain of spinal cord, resulting in an interruption fo nerve impulses to the arteries
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Neurogenic Shock
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Signs of neurogenic shock
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Skin- Warm, red, dry
B/P- Low Pulse- Low |
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T or F
In anaphylactic shock, the faster the reaction, the more severe it is. |
True
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Signs of anaphylaxis
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Skin- flushing, itching, hives, swelling, cyanosis
Respiratory- difficult, sneezing, coughing, wheezing, stridor, laryngeal edema, laryngospasms B/P- Low Pulse- High |
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Your first concern in anaphylaxis is
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Protecting the airway due to Laryngeal edema
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Septic shock is due to ?
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Infection that enters the bloodstream
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The most susceptible organ system for septic shock is
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Lungs and respiratory system
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What is the most common cause of MODS?
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Sepsis/ Septic Shock
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MODS usually develops over a period of _______ weeks.
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2,3, or more weeks
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Name the 5 infectious agents
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Bacteria
Viruses Fungi Parasites Prions |
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"Destructive to life" is a term for
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Antibiotic
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What is the difference between exotoxin and endotoxin
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Exotoxin- secretes toxic substances during the cell growth period
Endotoxins- release toxic substances when the cells die |
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True or False
Endotoxins can survive even when the cell that produced them die. |
True
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Most infections are caused by _____, also referred to as intracellular parasite
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Viruses
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Mycoses are
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Fungus infections
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What are the 3 lines of defense against infection and or injury
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Anatomic Barriers
Inflammatory response Immune response |
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Describe the Anatomic Barriers
(examples, external/internal, specific/nonspecific) |
Examples- skin, mucous membranes
it is an external response that is nonspecific |
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Name the characteristics of the inflammatory response
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fast acting
nonspecific internal transient (no memory) involves multiple cell types |
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Name the characteristics of the Immune response
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Slow
Specific Long-term ( memory) usually involves one blood cell type (lymphocyte) |
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What is the difference between Natural and Acquired Immunity?
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Natural- is not generated by immune system, part of the genetic makeup
Acquired- Active- immune after exposure to the antigen Passive- immune from an outside source, ex. tetanus shot |
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What is the difference between Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity
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Humoral- B-lymphocytes that develop antibodies and develop a memory of the antigen, does not attack antigen directly
Cell-mediated- T-lymphocyte that directly attack the antigen |
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Antigens that trigger the immune response are called
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Immunogens
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True or False
All immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens |
True
Not all antigens trigger the immune system |
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The 2 groups that trigger the strongest immune response are the ?
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Rh blood group
ABO Blood group |
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Which blood types are known as "Universal donors" and "Universal recipients"
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Type O is universal donor
Type AB is universal recipient |
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Name the 4 phases of Inflammation
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Phase 1- Acute Inflammation
Phase 2- Chronic Inflammation Phase 3- Granuloma Inflammation Phase 4- Healing |
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What are the 4 functions of Inflammation (during all the phases)
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*Destroy and remove unwanted substance
*Wall off the infected and inflammed area *Stimulate the immune response *Promote healing |
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The chief activator of the inflammatory response are
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Mast cells
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Mast cells have 2 functions what are they?
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Dregranulation
Synthesis |
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Chemotaxis is the attraction of
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White blood cells
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Acute phase reactants (plasma proteins) are mostly produced in the ______
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Liver
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Chronic Inflammation is any inflammation that lasts longer than ____ weeks.
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2 weeks
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Cells that create collagen, and is a critical factor in healing are called
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Fibroblasts
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What is a granuloma?
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A tumor that is formed when a foreign body cannot be destroyed and is walled off
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What are the 3 fuNanctions of Exudate?
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1- to dilute toxins
2- to bring plasma to site of attack 3- to carry away toxins, dead cells, and pus |
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Describe the 2 outcomes of healing
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Resolution- complete restoration of normal structure
Repair- scar formation |
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An exaggerated and harmful immune response
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Hypersensitivity
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What are the 3 types of Hypersensitivity?
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1- Allergy
2- Autoimmunity 3- Isoimmunity (alloimmunity) |
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The swiftest immediate hypersensitvity response is
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Anaphylaxis
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Name the 4 types of Hypersensitivity Reactions
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Type I- IgE reaction
Type II- Tissue-specific reaction Type III- Immune complex-mediated reaction Type IV- cell-mediated reaction |
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Name the 2 types of Immune Dificiency
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Congenital (inborn)
Acquired (after birth) |
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What are some ways to develop acquired immune deficiencies
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Nutrition
Iatrogenic (medical treatment) Trauma Stress AIDS |
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What are the 3 stages of stress
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Stage I- Alarm
Stage II- Resistnace Stage III- Exhaustion |
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This is known as the "fight or flight" stage, Pupils dilate, HR increases, Blood glucose rises, digestion slows, BP rises, blood flow increase, endocrine system is aroused, pituitary and adrenal glands secrete hormones
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Stage I Alarm stage
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Sympathetic nervous system responses return to normal, in most situations it is the last stage of stress. It is also called the Adaptation stage
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Stage II Resistance stage
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Known as the burnout stage, physical illness may occur
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Stage III Exhaustion stage
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Name the 5 hormones produced in response to stress
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Catecholamines
Cortisol Beta endorphines Growth hormone Prolactin |
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Peripheral vasoconstriction, mild bronchoconstriction, and stimulation of metabolism are caused by _____receptors
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Alpha 1
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These receptors prevent overrelease of norepinephrine when stimulated
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Alpha 2
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Stimulation of _____ receptors cause increase of heart rate, cardiac contractile force, cardiac automaticity, and conduction
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Beta 1
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Stimulation causes vasodilation and bronchodilation
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Beta 2
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The release of cortisol primarily regulates ______.
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Metabolism
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One of the primary functions of Cortisol is the stimulation of ______.
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Gluconeogenesis
It has the overall effect of elevating blood glucose |
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What are some examples of Physiological Stress?
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Burns
Extreme temps. Starvation |