Chapter 4 & Chapter 15 Quiz Study Guide

Front 1

DNA

Back 1

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - A nucleic acid composed of deoxyribonucleotides that carries the genetic information of a cell. Generally occurs as two intertwined strands, but these can be separated.

Front 2

Double helix

Back 2

the secondary structure of DNA, consisting of two antiparallel DNA strands wound around each other.

Front 3

Nucleotide

Back 3

A molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogen-containing bases. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and ribose.

Front 4

Phosphodiester linkage / Phosphodiester bond

Back 4

chemical linkage between adjacent nucleotide residues in DNA and RNA. Forms when the phosphate group of one nucleotide condenses with the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide.

Front 5

RNA

Back 5

ribonucleic acid - A nucleic acid composed of ribonecleotides that usually is single stranded. Functions include structural components of ribosomes (rRNA), transporters of amino acids (tRNA), and messages of DNA code required for protein synthesis (mRNA).

Front 6

Label the three main parts of a nucleotide.

Back 6

1. a phosphate group

2. a 5-carbon sugar

3. a nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) base.

Front 7

Know how to number the carbons on a pentose sugar and know what is attached to each carbon.

Back 7

Front 8

Compare and contrast ribose and deoxyribose:

Back 8

deoxy means containing less oxygen. Deoxyribose is ribose but without the oxygen in the 2' position.

Front 9

List the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA:

Back 9

Thymine
Cytosine
Adenine
Guanine

Front 10

List the four nitrogenous bases that make up RNA.

Back 10

Uracil
Cytosine
Adenine
Guanine

Front 11

Daughter strand

Back 11

the strand of DNA that is newly replicated from an existing template strand of DNA

Front 12

dNTP (deoxynucleoside triphosphate)

Back 12

A monomer used by DNA polymerase to polymerize DNA. Consists of the sugar deoxyribose, a base (A, T, G, or C) and three phosphate groups.

Front 13

Okazaki fragment

Back 13

Short segment of DNA produced during replication of the lagging strand template. Many Okazaki fragments make up the lagging strand in newly synthesized DNA.

Front 14

Origin of replication

Back 14

The site on a chromosome at which DNA replication begins.

Front 15

Parental strand

Back 15

A strand of DNA that is used as a template during DNA synthesis.

Front 16

Primer

Back 16

A short, single-stranded RNA molecule that base-pairs with a DNA template strand and is elongated by DNA polymerase during DNA replication.

Front 17

Replication bubble

Back 17

a portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed up the process of replication.

Front 18

Replication fork

Back 18

One half of a replication bubble; a y-shaped structure on the DNA molecule along which replication takes place.

Front 19

Telomere

Back 19

The end of a linear chromosome that contains a repeated sequence of DNA.

Front 20

Describe semi-conservative DNA replication

Back 20

The way DNA replicates, in which each strand of an existing DNA molecule serves as a template to create a new complementary DNA strand. It is called semiconservative because each newly replicated DNA molecule conserves one of the parental strands and contains another, newly replicated strand.

Front 21

Identify the function of the following during DNA replication: DNA helicase

Back 21

This enzyme separates double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied.

Front 22

Identify the function of the following during DNA replication: DNA ligase

Back 22

This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments.

Front 23

Identify the function of the following during DNA replication: DNA polymerase

Back 23

This enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription.

Front 24

Identify the function of the following during DNA replication: Primase

Back 24

(RNA polymerase) - This enzyme synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers. These primers serve as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

Front 25

Identify the function of the following during DNA replication: Single-stranded binding proteins (SSBP)

Back 25

They proven annealing, or the DNA from snapping back to the other strands while it is being copied.

Front 26

Identify the function of the following during DNA replication: Topoisomerase

Back 26

This enzyme regulates the overwinding or under winding of DNA.