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269 Cards in this Set
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The process of putting things together, or building up, synthesis
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Anabolism
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(Metabolic Process) (Anabolism) The removal of water- the removal of an OH(-) from one molecule and an H(+) from another to join them together.
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Dehydration synthesis
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(Metabolic Process) (Anabolism) Dehydration synthesis is the removal of a(n) _____ from one molecule and a(n) ______ from another to join them together and form a water molecule in the process (_____)
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OH(-) & H(+) = H(2)0
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In this metabolic process, smaller molecules are constructed from smaller molecules.
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Anabolism
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Examples of this metabolic process include building muscle, healing and fetal development.
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Anabolism
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The process of taking things apart, or breaking down
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Catabolism
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(Metabolic Processes) (Catabolism) To add water to a chemical bond to break it by applying the OH(-) on one end and the H(+) on the other.
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Hydrolysis
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(Metabolic Process) (Catabolism)
Hydro means ______. Lysis means _______. |
Water; To Break
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In this metabolic process, larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
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Catabolism
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Examples of this metabolic process would be losing weight, starvation and atrophy.
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Catabolism
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_________ are an example of molecules that undergo anabolism (dehydration synthesis) and catabolism (hydrolisis).
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Triglycerides
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This is a fat molecule consisting of 3 fatty acids + a glycerol molecule.
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Triglycerides
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Triglycerides consist of _________ and _________.
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3 Fatty Acids & a Glycerol
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A glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules form a fat molecule (triglyceride) in a ____________ reaction.
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Dehydration synthesis
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A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a glycerol in a _________ reaction. (reverse reaction)
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Hydrolysis
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An anabolism processes is known as
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Dehydration synthesis
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A catabolism process is known as
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Hydrolysis
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In triglycerides enzymes act as the mediator that lowers the energy of activation to enable process. The mediator is known as the:
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catalyst
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Chemically through __________ & _________ are how things are put together or taken apart. This is usually catalyzed by an _______, which controls the rates of many chemical reactions.
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Dehydration synthesis; Hydrolysis, Enzyme
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Metabolic reactions are controlled by ____________ in _________.
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Homeostatic in nature
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The capacity to change something; The ability to do work.
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Energy
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A molecule that carries energy in a form that the cell can use.
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Energy activation is usually in the form of _________.
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Heat
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What are the three main parts of an ATP molecule?
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an Adenine, a Ribosome & Three Phosphates
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AR3P
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The second & third phosphates of ATP are attached by _____________.
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High energy bonds
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Enzymes lower the _____________ & speed _______________.
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Energy of activation & chemical reations
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Enzymes are usually named for the __________(substrate) in which they catalyze reactions.
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Molecule
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The part of the enzyme into which the substrate "fits"
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Active site
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The antibiotic drug penicillin interferes with enzymes that enable certain bacteria to construct cell walls. As a result, the bacteria die. In this manner, penicillin protects against certain bacterial infections. The drug does not harm human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. This is an example of:
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Enzyme action being altered
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The action of an enzyme catalyst is obvious when using _____________ to clean a wound.
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Hydrogen Peroxide
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Injured cells release ________.
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catalase
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Injured cells release catalase and when hydogen peroxide contacts them...
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bubbles of oxygen are set free
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The oxidative properties of the oxygen produced by the catalase/hydrogen peroxide provides a __________ effect and then resulting from removes debris from an accessible part of the wound.
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germicidal effect
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A chain of enzyme-controlled reactions that leads to a normal product or activity in the cell
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Metabolic pathway
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The production of ATP from glucose is an example of a:
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Metabolic pathway
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) Enzymes can become saturated when _________________ exceed a certain level, which limits the rate of reaction.
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Substrate concentrations
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) Enzymes can become ________ when substrate concentrations exceed a certain level, which limits the rate of reaction.
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Saturated
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) Enzymes can become saturated when substrate concentrations exceeds a certain level, which limits the ______________.
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Rate of Reaction
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) Usually such a rate limiting enzyme is the _______ enzyme in the pathway.
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first
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(Regulation of metabolic pathways) Often the the end product inhibits the _______-___________ enzyme.
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Rate limiting
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) (TRUE/FALSE) Often the first enzyme inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme.
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FALSE: The end product inhibits the rate-limiting enzyme.
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) (TRUE/FALSE) When product decreases, the inhibition lifts and the metabolic process resumes.
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TRUE
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(Regulation of Metabolic Pathways) An enzyme whose activity can be altered by the presence of certain substaces
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Rate limiting enzyme
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This enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a metabolic pathway.
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Rate limiting enzyme
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Non-protein substances which modify an enzyme's shape into the active configuration to enable binding and the reaction to take place.
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Cofactors
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Minerals are often (Cofactors) or (Coenzymes) ?
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Cofactors
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Organic molecules, often vitamins that enzymes incorporate into their structures in the process of being functional.
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Coenzymes
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5 Factors that alter enzymes:
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Heat, Radiation, Electriciy, Some chemicals & pH extremes
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HR ESP
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Factors that alter enzymes are known called ___________ of an enzyme.
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Denaturizing
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Factors that alter enzymes (heat, radiation, electricity, some chemicals & pH extremes) alter the conformation of the enzyme and its _________ is then not functional.
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Active site
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Factors that alter enzymes (heat, radiation, electricity, some chemicals & pH extremes) alter the _____________ of the enzyme and its active site is then not functional.
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conformation
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The capacity to change something, or to do work.
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Energy
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(TRUE/FALSE) : Energy can be destroyed.
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FALSE: Energy is never destroyed but can change from one form another.
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(TRUE/FALSE) Energy can change from one form to another.
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TRUE
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An ATP molecule that loses its terminal phosphate becomes a(n):
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Adenosine Diphosphate
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ATP can be resynthesized from an ADP by using energy released from cellular respiration to reattach a phosphate. This process is known as _____________.
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Phosphorlyation
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(TRUE/FALSE) An automobile would be an example of chemical energy changing to mechanical energy.
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TRUE
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(TRUE/FALSE) Light changing to heat is an example of energy changing from one form to another.
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TRUE
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(TRUE/FALSE) Your telephone changing electricity into sound waves is an example of energy changing from one form to another.
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TRUE
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(TRUE/FALSE) Food being turned into metabolic energy is an example of energy changing from one form to another.
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TRUE
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Metabolic energy is a form of ___________ energy.
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Chemical
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The breaking of bonds in ATP to release energy so metabolic activities can take place is an example of: _________________________________________________
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Energy changing from one form to another
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The energy currency molecule of the cell
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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The Adenosine Triphosphate is composed of these three things.
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an Adnine, Ribosome & 3 Phosphate molecules
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AR3P
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These phosphate bonds are classified as "____________" bonds.
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High energy bonds
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Primary energy carrying molecule in a cell.
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ATP
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(Releasing of Chemical Energy) Produced by the breaking of chemical bonds.
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Catabolism
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(Releasing of Chemical Energy) It requires ____________ energy to break a bond (lowered by catalysts such as enzymes).
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Activation
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(Releasing of Chemical Energy) It requires activation energy to break a bond. (Lowered by __________ such as enzymes)
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Catalysts
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(Releasing of Chemical Energy) It requires activation energy to break a bond. (Lowered by catalysts such as ___________).
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Enzymes
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(Release of Chemical Energy) Breaking of the bond releases more energy than is required to break the bond. This is known as a(n):
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Enzymatic Advantage
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(Release of Chemical Energy) The energy comes from the sun providing food for plants in return person eats the plant. This is known as:
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Anabolism
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The process that releases energy from molecules.
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Cellular respiration
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A functional part of cellular respiration.
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Oxidation
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The process of breaking down substances to obtain energy.
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Oxidation
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As a fire oxidizes a substance by burning, digestion oxidizes a substance to a fuel cellular metabolism whereby the released energy is ______________ & ____________.
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Captured & Utilized
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The process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose.
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Cellular respiration
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What are the three distinct reactions in which cellular respiration occurs?
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Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle & e(-) transport chain
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GC(e-)
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The three distinct reactions in which cellular respiration occurs (Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle & e(-) transport chain occur in what two parts of the cell?
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Cytosol & Mitochondria
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Glycolysis takes place in the _____________.
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Cytosol
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The citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain take place in the ______________________.
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Mitochondria
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(Glycolysis)
GLYCO means ________. LYSIS means _________. |
Glucose; To break
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To break glucose.
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Glycolysis
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(TRUE/FALSE) Glycolysis requires oxygen.
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FALSE
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(TRUE/FALSE) Glycolysis does not require oxygen.
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TRUE
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(TRUE/FALSE) Glycolysis is anaerobic.
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FALSE
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In a glycolysis reaction glucose is broken down into 2 _____________ molecules and 2 ATP are generated.
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2 Pyruvic Acid
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In a glycolysis reaction glucose is broken down 2 pyruvic acid molecules and __________ are generated.
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2 ATP
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Glycolysis occurs in the ______________.
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Cytosol
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The intracellular fluid outside the mitochondria.
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Glycolysis
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(Release of Chemical Energy) Breaking of the bond releases more energy than is required to break the bond. This is known as a(n):
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Enzymatic Advantage
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(Release of Chemical Energy) The energy comes from the sun providing food for plants in return person eats the plant. This is known as:
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Anabolism
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The process that releases energy from molecules.
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Cellular respiration
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A functional part of cellular respiration.
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Oxidation
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The process of breaking down substances to obtain energy.
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Oxidation
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As a fire oxidizes a substance by burning, digestion oxidizes a substance to a fuel cellular metabolism whereby the released energy is ______________ & ____________.
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Captured & Utilized
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The process that releases energy from molecules such as glucose.
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Cellular respiration
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What are the three distinct reactions in which cellular respiration occurs?
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Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle & e(-) transport chain
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GC(e-)
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The three distinct reactions in which cellular respiration occurs (Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle & e(-) transport chain occur in what two parts of the cell?
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Cytosol & Mitochondria
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Glycolysis takes place in the _____________.
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Cytosol
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The intracellular fluid outside the mitochondria.
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Cytosol (NOT GLYCOLYSIS)
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) The priming phase, where two ATP are utilized in the conversion of glucose into fructose.
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Phase 1
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) This phase contains fructose 1 & 6 diphosphate.
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Phase 1
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) In this phase the two phosphate molecules are then positioned at each end of fructose. 1,6-diphosphate molecule. This accounts for a 2 ATP expenditure.
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Phase 1
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) This phase is the cleavage phase, where the fructose 1,6-diphosphate is broken into a dihydroxyacetone phosphate molecule and a glyceraldehyde phosphate molecule.
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Phase 2
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) This phase is when a 6 carbon molecule is split into 3 carbon molecules.
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Phase 2
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) This phase occurs when the glyceraldhyde phosphate molecule interacts NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to become NADH, an electron carrier.
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Phase 3
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) In this phase phosphate and ADP are added to the reaction and 4 ATP are produced. One CO(2) is produced.
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Phase 3
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (TRUE/FALSE) Without oxgen, the pyruvic acid molecule enters the citric acid cycle.
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FALSE, with oxygen present
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (TRUE/FALSE) With oxygen present, it becomes pyruvic acid plus 2 NADH + H(+) --> NAD(+) + lactic acid. In these anaerobic reactions, the NADH + H(+) must be able to deliever electrons to the electron transport chain, replenishing the cellular supply of NAD(+).
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FALSE, without oxygen present
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (Phase 3) The final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain to continue processing and recycling NAD(+).
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Oxygen
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(Glycolysis extend glucose in three stages) (Phase 3) Under anaerobic conditions, however, the electron transport chain has nowhere to unload its electrons, and it can no longer accept new electrons from NADH(+). As an alternative NADH + H(+) can give its electrons and hydrogens back to pyruvic acid in a reaction that forms _______________.
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Lactic Acid
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (Phase 3) A significant buildup of lactic acid inhibits ___________ & ___________ production.
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glycolysis & ATP
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (phase 3) When we feel tired and sore after excessive activity, it is because the lactic acid diffuses into the ________, and when oxygen levels return to normal, _______ converts the lactic acid back in pyruvic acid, which can finally enter the aerobic pathway.
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blood; liver
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (phase 3) When we feel tired and sore after excessive activity, it is because the ___________ diffuses into the blood, and when ____________ return to normal, liver converts the lactic acid back into _________ acid, which can finally enter the aerobic pathway.
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lactic acid; oxygen levels; pyruvic acid
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (phase 3) When we feel tired and sore after excessive activity, it is because the lactic acid diffuses into the blood, and when oxygen levels return to normal, liver converts lactic acid back into pyruvic acid, which can finally enter the ____________________.
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Aerobic pathway
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (phase 3) If oxygen is present the pyruvic acid enters the __________________.
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Cytric acid cycle
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (phase 3) The NADH delivers the ______________ electrons that were produced to the electron transport chain, where most of the ATP will be synthesized.
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high energy
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(Glycolysis extent glucose in three stages) (phase 3) If enough oxygen is present, the pyruvic acid can enter the __________ cycle and electron transport chain.
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Citric acid cycle
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This occurs in the fluid inside the mitochondria, which produces 1 ATP directly for each citric acid molecule that goes through this cycle.
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Citric Acid Cycle
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(Citric Acid Cycle) In the first step of the citric acid cycle the ___________ molecule from glycolysis interacts with NAD(+) --> NADH + H(+) to lose one carbon in the form of one carbon dioxide molecule to become ___________.
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pyruvic acid; acetic acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) In the 2nd step __________ reacts with the acetic acid to become acetyl CoA, which replenishes the citric cycle.
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coenzyme A
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(Citric Acid Cycle) In the 2nd step coenzyme A reacts with ___________ to become acetyl CoA, which replenishes the citric cycle.
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acetic acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) In the 2nd step coenzyme A reacts with acetic acid to become _____________, which replenishes the citric acid cycle.
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acetyl CoA
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(Citric Acid Cycle) When coenzyme A reacts with acetic acid it becomes the replenish molecule which is _______________.
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acetyl CoA
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(Citric Acid Cycle) The replenish molecule in the 2nd step is known as the:
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acetyl CoA
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(Citric Acid Cycle) In the third step the acetyl CoA departs from the molecule, leaving a citric acid molecule of (how many?) carbons, this is the starting molecule for the citric acid cycle.
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6
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(Citric Acid Cycle) This molecule, containing 6 carbons, is the starting molecule for the citric acid cycle.
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Citric acid molecule
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(Citric Acid Cycle) In the third step when the acetyl CoA departs from the molecule it leaves a __________ molecule of 6 carbons, this is the starting molecule for the citric acid cycle.
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Citric acid molecule
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(Citric Acid Cycle) The citric acid molecule becomes ____________, in the fourth step.
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Isocitric acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Isocitric acid interacts with NAD(+) --> NADH + H(+) to become ________________, which has 5 carbons. A CO(2) is given up in the process.
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Alpha ketoglutaric acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Isocitric acid interacts with _______ --> ______ + ______ to become alpha ketoglutaric acid, which contains 5 carbons. A CO(2) is given up in the process.
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NAD(+) --> NADH + H(+)
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Isocitric acid interacts with NAD(+) --> NADH + H(+) to become alpha ketoglutaric acid, which contains (how many?) carbons. A _______ is given up in the process.
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5, CO(2)
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Once alpha ketoglutaric acid is formed... NAD(+) interacts again (with CoA) and the alpha ketogluteric acid to become ____________ + ______, with the production of another CO(2) (this is the 3rd CO(2) produced up to this point) with succinyl-CoA, a 4 carbon molecule as the end result.
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NADH + H(+)
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Once alpha ketoglutaric acid is formed... NAD(+) interacts again with (CoA) and the alpha ketogluteric acid to become NADH + H(+), with the production of another (________) with (__________), a 4 carbon molecule as the end result.
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CO(2); Succinyl-CoA
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(Citric Acid Cycle) The 3rd CO(2) is produced with _______________.
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Succinyl-CoA
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(Citric Acid Cycle) When the 3rd CO(2) produces with succinyl-CoA it becomes a (how many??) carbon molecule.
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4
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Succinyl-CoA is a (how many??) carbon molecule.
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4
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Alpha ketoglutaric acid is a (how many??) carbon molecule?
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5
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Isocitric acid is a (how many??) carbon molecule?
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6
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Acetyl CoA has ______ carbon atoms.
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2
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(Citric Acid Cycle) Pyruvic acid from glucose has _______ carbon atoms?
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3
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(Citric Acid Cycle) When the succinyl-CoA releases the CoA, a _________ and ADP are combined to produce the single ATP produced in the citric acid cycle. The substrate is now ________________, also a 4 carbon molecule.
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a phosphate; succinic acid
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(Citric Acid Molecule) Succinic is a (______) carbon molecule.
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4
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(Citric Acid Molecule) The single ATP in the cycle is produced by __________ & _________.
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a phosphate & ADP
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(Citric Acid Molecule) The succinic acid reacts with FAD --> FADH(2) to become _____________, also a 4 carbon molecule.
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fumeric acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) FAD stands for...
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Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide
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(Citric Acid Cycle) FAD is a close relative of _____.
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NAD
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(Citric Acid Cycle) What happens every time a CO(2) is produced?
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the molecule loses one of its carbons to become shorter
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(Citric Acid Cycle) The fumeric acid is converted into __________.
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Malic Acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) The malic acid reacts with NAD(+) --> NADH + H(+) to become ____________, which is ready to accept the acetyl-CoA molecule which will begin the cycle all over again.
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Oxaloacetic acid
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(Citric Acid Cycle) This acid begins the cycle all over again.
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Oxaloacetic acid
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This occurs on the inner membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria.
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Electron transport chain
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Where does the electron transport chain occur?
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the inner membrane of the cristae of the mitochondria.
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This is where the high-energy electrons left over from previous reactions jumpstart this system.
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Electron transport chain
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This is where oxygen is required and most of the ATP is produced.
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Electron transport chain
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Does the electron transport chain require oxygen?
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YES.
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(TRUE/FALSE) The electron transport chain is where most of the ATP is produced.
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TRUE
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This is where oxidative phosphorylation takes place, also called aerobic respiration.
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Electron transport chain
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(Electron transport chain) ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced from ______(_______ _________) plus one __________.
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ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) plus one phosphate.
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(Electron Transport Chain) NADH delivers the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain for _______________ reactions.
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aerobic
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(Electron transport chain) ________ delivers the high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain for aerobic reactions.
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NADH
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(Electron transport chain) NADH delivers the __________ electrons to the electron transport chain for aerobic reactions.
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high energy
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(Electron transport chain) NADH delivers the high energy electrons to the _____________________ for aerobic reactions.
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electron transport chain
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Glycolysis is ___________, therefore it does not require oxygen.
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anaerobic
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Does glycolysis require oxygen?
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NO
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Produces _____ twice as fast, but not nearly as much as with oxidative phosphorylation.
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ATP
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(TRUE/FALSE) Glyoclysis produces ATP twice as fast as oxidative phosphorlation.
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TRUE
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(TRUE/FALSE) Glycolysis produces more ATP than oxidative phosphorlation.
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FALSE
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Oxidative phosphorlation distinct reaction of cellular respiration?
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Electron transport chain
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Reaction that produces lactic acid, which makes muscles sore after exercise and creates an oxygen depth.
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Anaerobic
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The production of ______________ is what makes muscles sore after exercise and creates an oxygen depth.
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Lactic Acid
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Utilizes, but does not synthesize CoA.
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Glycolysis/Anaerobic reaction
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Includes synthesis and use of acetyl coenzyme A (remember that CoA is placed into this system after having been produced elsewhere)
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Electron transport reaction/ Aerobic reaction
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In this one ATP is produced, 8 high energy electrons are transfered, and 2 carbon dioxide molecules are produced, with a third one being produced in preparation for this. After glycolysis, between the pyruvic acid and acetic acid stages (before CoA enters)
|
Citric acid cycle
|
|
|
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What is produced in the citric acid cycle and what is transfered?
|
One ATP & 2 Carbon Dioxide molecules are produced & 8 high energy electrons are transfered.
|
|
|
|
This comes after glycolysis (between the pyruvic acid and acetic acid stages (before CoA enters)
|
Citric acid cycle
|
|
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The citric acid cycle is between the ________ & _________ stages (before the CoA enters)
|
pyruvic acid & acetic acid stages
|
|
|
|
A series of enzymes complexes that carry and pass electrons along through the pathway that produces a great amount of ATP.
|
Electron transport chain
|
|
|
|
Sequence of enzymatic events where high-energy electrons spur into action.
|
Electron transport chain
|
|
|
|
This process occurs in sequential order, utilizing enzymes embedded in the cell membranes, called cytochromes.
|
Electron Transport Chain
|
|
|
|
Enzymes embedded in the cells membranes of the mitochondria are called
|
cytochromes
|
|
|
|
Membrane-bound hemoproteins that contain heme groups (iron containing) and carry out electron transport.
|
cytochromes
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|
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Cytochromes (membrane-bound hemoproteins) contain __________ (iron containg) and carry out electron transport chain.
|
heme groups
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|
|
|
How many ATP are produced in the cytosol by glycolysis?
|
2
|
|
|
|
How many ATP are produced by the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria?
|
2
|
|
|
|
How many ATP are produced by the electron transport chain in the oxidative phosphorylation?
|
32
|
|
|
|
How many ATP are produced in aerobic cellular respiration?
|
36
|
|
|
|
Glycolysis yields how many ATP?
|
2
|
|
|
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Glyocolysis requires _____ ATP to get it going, produces ______ ATP, resulting in a net of _______ ATP.
|
2; 4; 2
|
|
|
|
Citric acid cycle yields ____ ATP (one for each pyruvic acid).
|
2
|
|
|
|
Citric acid cycles contains ____ ATP for each half of the glucose that became ___________________.
|
1; pyruvic acid
|
|
|
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Citric acid produces (how many?) CO(2) per pyruvic acid molecule & (how many?) CO(2) per glucose molecule?
|
3; 6
|
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|
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Citric acid produces 3 CO(2) molecules per ___________ & 6 CO(2) molecules per _________________.
|
pyruvic acid; glucose
|
|
|
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Electron transport chain produces _____-______ ATP (depending on the cell type)
|
32-34
|
|
|
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In the electron transport chain the total ATP produced per glucose is _____-______ ATP.
|
36-38
|
|
|
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Excess glucose may enter anabolic (building up) carbohydrate pathways into storage forms such as:
|
glycogen, liver & muscles, adipose tissue fat
|
G...L&M...ATF
|
|
|
Glucose molecules linked together in a starch-like configuration
|
glycogen
|
|
|
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Glycogen is stored in the ______________ & _____________ for use between meals to support blood sugar levels.
|
liver & muscles
|
|
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Glycogen is stored in the liver & muscles for use between meals to support _________________________.
|
blood sugar levels
|
|
|
|
If glycogen is excessive it forms __________-fat-in the molecular form of triglycerides.
|
adipose
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|
|
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If glycogen is excessive it forms adipose-fat-in the molecular form of _________.
|
triglycerides
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|
|
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If ____________ is excessive it forms adipose-fat in the molecular form of triclycerides.
|
glycogen
|
|
|
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(NUCLEIC ACID & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS) The information that instructs a cell to synthesize a particular protein is help in the sequence of ______________________.
|
building blocks of DNA
|
|
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These control synthesis reactions.
|
Enzymes
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|
|
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(TRUE/FALSE) The four groups of organic molecules all depend on protein.
|
TRUE
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|
|
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What are the four groups of organic molecules?
|
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids & Nucleic Acids
|
PCLN
|
|
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(TRUE/FALSE) The four groups of organic molecules do not require genetic instructions to be synthesized in the body.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
|
Because enzymes control synthesis reactions, all four organic molecules-(________, _______, ______, _____) -- all depend on protein.
|
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids & Nucleic Acids
|
|
|
|
Because enzymes control synthesis reactions, all four organic molecules (proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids) --- all depend on _________.
|
Proteins
|
|
|
|
What are the four things a nucleotide consists of?
|
a five carbon sugar, ribose or deoxy ribose, a phosphate group and one of several nitrogenous bases
|
5
|
|
|
This consists of a five carbon sugar, ribose or deoxy ribose, a phosphate group and one of several nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cyosine & guanine)
|
nucleotide
|
|
|
|
DNA & RNA form long strands called ________________ by joining their sugar phosphate portions, which provides the backbone type
|
polynucleotide chains
|
|
|
|
DNA & RNA form long strands (polynucleotides) by joining their sugar phosphate portions, which provides the ____________.
|
backbone
|
|
|
|
DNA & RNA form long strands (polynucleotides) by joining their ____________ portions which provides the backbone.
|
sugar phosphate
|
|
|
|
DNA stands for
|
Dioxyribonucleic Acid
|
|
|
|
The genetic code material for protein production.
|
DNA
|
|
|
|
The portion of a DNA molecule for a particular protein or product.
|
Gene
|
|
|
|
The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell.
|
Genome
|
|
|
|
A 5 carbon sugar is known as a
|
Ribose
|
|
|
|
What are the four types of nucleotides?
|
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
|
|
|
|
In the two-level binary coding system Adenine binds with _____________.
|
Thymine
|
|
|
|
In the two-level binary coding system Thymine binds with ____________.
|
Adenine
|
|
|
|
In the two-level binary coding system Guanine binds with ______________.
|
Cytosine
|
|
|
|
In the two-level binary coding system Cytosine binds with ______________.
|
Guanine
|
|
|
|
The DNA molecule consists of _______________, which connect to the sugar of one strand, and pair and bind by hydrogen bonds to the nitrogenous bases in the second strand.
|
polynucleic chains
|
|
|
|
The DNA molecule consists of polynucleic chains which connect to the __________ of one strand, and pair and bind by ______________ to the ______________ in the second strand.
|
sugar; hydrogen bonds to nitrogenous bases
|
|
|
|
The principle organelle for assembling polynucleic chains is the ____________.
|
ribosome
|
|
|
|
Binary pairings that form sets of three are known as the
|
triplet code
|
|
|
|
(DNA REPLICATION) When a cell divides, each newly-formed cell, must have a copy of the original cell's ________________.
|
genetic information
|
|
|
|
When a cell divides, each newly-formed cell must have a copy of the original cell's genetic information, so it will be able to synthesize proteins which is necessary to ________________ & _________________.
|
Build cellular parts and carry on metabolism.
|
|
|
|
When a cell divides, each newly-formed cell must have a copy of the original cell's _____________, so it will be able to ___________ which is necessary to build cellular parts and carry on metabolism.
|
genetic info; synthesize proteins
|
|
|
|
Globular proteins that help provide spatial structure for the polynucleotide chains.
|
Histones
|
|
|
|
These are single-stranded, and contain ribose, rather than deoxribose sugar.
|
RNA
|
|
|
|
In RNA molecules uracil replaces _________.
|
Thymine
|
|
|
|
In RNA molecules ________ replaces thymine
|
Uracil
|
|
|
|
Forms complementary base pairs with one of the two polynucleotide chains from a section of DNA that encodes a particular protein.
|
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
|
|
|
|
(mRNA) Determines the correct DNA strand, and the right direction for RNA synthesis.
|
RNA polymerase
|
|
|
|
(mRNA) This provides an orientation for proper genetic coding.
|
RNA polymerase
|
|
|
|
Due to __________________, a section of the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds and pulls apart, exposing a portion of the gene.
|
RNA polymerase binding
|
|
|
|
Due to RNA polymerase binding, a section of the _____________________ molecule unwinds and pulls apart, exposing a portion of the gene.
|
double-stranded DNA molecule
|
|
|
|
Due to RNA polymerase binding, a section of the double-stranding DNA molecule unwinds and pulls apart, exposing a portion of the ___________.
|
gene
|
|
|
|
The mRNA forms along the DNA until it reaches a special DNA base that signals an end to a gene. This is known as a:
|
Terminal Signal
|
|
|
|
The process of copying DNA information into the structure of an mRNA molecule.
|
Transcription
|
|
|
|
mRNA molecules can be (how many??) nucleotides long,
|
hundreds or thousands
|
|
|
|
DNA making a copy of itself in the form of mRNA.
|
Transcription
|
|
|
|
Three base sequences used to represent each amino acid being synthesized in mRNA.
|
Codons
|
|
|
|
The process of producing amino acids, according to the codons in the order of the mRNA molecule.
|
Translation
|
|
|
|
Transforming information into another kind of molecule (amino acids)
|
Translation
|
|
|
|
Each of the 20 amino acids is represented in the triplet coding of _________.
|
genetic codes
|
|
|
|
This dictates the sequence of amino acids.
|
Nucleotide sequence
|
|
|
|
Controls everything about a cell.
|
Protein synthesis
|
|
|
|
Proteins are assembled by ribosomes from amino acids mediated by ________ & _________.
|
mRNA & tRNA
|
|
|
|
Proteins are assembled by ______________ from _____________ mediated by mRNA &tRNA.
|
Ribosomes; Amino Acids
|
|
|
|
In protein synthesis, ________________ aligns the amino acids in a manner that enables them to bond.
|
Transfer RNA
|
|
|
|
Assembles proteins and releases them into the cytoplasm.
|
Ribosomes
|
|
|
|
Two-part organelles made of ribosomal RNA.
|
Ribosomes
|
|
|
|
Ribosomes are two-part organelles made of _____________.
|
ribosomal RNA
|
|
|
|
When genes examine and correct errors this is called
|
DNA Repair
|
|
|
|
Genetic damage that is not repaired.
|
Mutation
|
|
|
|
Must be transfered from the nucleus to the cytoplam for protein synthesis.
|
genetic coding
|
|
|
|
A base pairs incorrectly and a strand is altered. This is an example of a:
|
Mutation
|
|
|
|
Down's Syndrom aka Trisomy 21 (old eggs) is an example of a
|
Mutation
|
|
|
|
PKU stands for
|
phenylalanine
|
|
|
|
Phenylalanine (PKU) is when a person cannot _____________.
|
metabolize
|
|
|
|
When a person cannot metabolize, this is known as:
|
PKU (Phenylalanine)
|
|
|
|
Phenylalanine (PKU) results in:
|
mental retardation
|
|
|
|
Chemical substances that cause mutations.
|
Mutagens
|
|
|
|
The ionizing effects of X-radiation or UV light on skin cells are examples of:
|
Mutagens
|
|
