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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are dendritic spines?
Protuberence on the dendrites of excitatory neurons; the location of most synapses on such neurons.
What is an axon hillock?
Site of origin of a nerve impulse.
What is an axon collateral?
A major branch of an axon.
What are teleodendria and terminal buttons?
Teleodendria are fine terminal branches of an axon and terminal buttons (or end foots) are the terminal part of the axon and also convey information to other neurons.
What is the synapse?
The synapse is the junction between an axon terminal and another cell, but there are other types of contacts as well.
How does information flow in a neuron?
Information from other neurons is collected at dendrites, processed in the cell body, and passed on to the axon and then to the terminal, where it is passed on to its target.
What does a neurotransmitter do?
It is a released chemical that carries the message across the synapse to influence the electrical activity of the receiving cell or target (to excite it or inhibit it) and pass the message along.
What are proteins?
Proteins are complex organic compounds, including enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, and they form the principal components of all cells as well.
What are the internal structures of a neuron?
A neuron is comprised of a dendrite, dendritic spine, nuclues, nuclear membrane, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular fluid, tubale, cell membrane, axon, microfilaments, lysosomes, and golgi body.
What is difference between microfilaments and microtubules?
Microfilaments constitute the cells structural framework and microtubules contract and aid in the cells movement.
What is the difference between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid?
Extracellular fluid is the fluid and its contents that SURROUND a neuron or glial cell whereas intracellular fluid is the fluid and its contents found WITHIN neurons and glial cells.
If too much water enters a cell, the cell can burst, and, if too much water leaves, the cell can shrivel. The cell membrane helps ensure that neither happens. True or false?
True
What is a phospholipid?
It is a molecule having a "head" that contains phoshorus and two tails that are lipid, or fat. Phospholipids constitute the membrane bilayer, a double layered cell membrane. The head has both a slight positive and negative charge in some places. The tail is comprised of carbon and hydrogren atoms bound tightly to one another.
Which of the very few nonpolar molecules can pass freely through a phospholipid bilayer?
Oxygen
How can the tightly packed polar surface of the phospholipid membrane prevent ions from passing through the membrane?
Either by repelling them, binding to them, or blocking their passage if they are large.
The blueprints for proteins are embedded in the chemical structure of giant molecular complexes in the nucleus called...
Chromosomes
What is a gene?
It is a segment of a DNA strand that encodes the synthesis of a particular type of protein molecule.
What is term for the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is RNA?
RNA are ribonuclei acids and are the single stranded nucleic acid molecule required for protein synthesis.
What are ribosomes?
Ribosomes are complexes of enzymes and RNA that play a critical role in protein building.
Describe the 4 steps of protein synthesis.
1. DNA uncoils to expose a gene, a sequence of nucleotide bases that encodes a protein.
2. One strand of the gene serves as a template for transcribing a molecule of mRNA.
3. The mRNA leaves and comes in contact with ribosomes in the endoplasmic reticulum.
4. As a ribosome moves along the mRNA, it translates the bases into a specific amino acid chain, which forms the protein.
What is a polypeptide chain?
It is a chain of amino acids from a polypeptide chain that is translated from the mRNA.
The three consecutive nucleotide based sequences along an mRNA molecule are called what?
Codons
What is a peptide bond?
It is when the amino acids link to one another by a chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen.
What is the nature of the genetic code?
DNA->mRNA->protein
Describe the process of protein transport.
Proteins formed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enter the golgi bodies, where they are wrapped in a membrane and given a shipping address. Each protein is the attatched to a motor molecule and moves along the microtubule to its destination. A protein may be incorporated into the membrane, remain within the cell to act as an enzyme, or be excreted from the cell by exocytosis.
What is exocytosis?
It is the discharge from a cell of particles that are too large to diffuse through the wall.
What is exocytosis?
It is the discharge from a cell of particles that are too large to diffuse through the wall.
What are the three categories of membrane proteins that assist in transporting substances across the membrane?
1. Channels, which ions can cross a cell membrane through the appropriately shaped channel.
2. Gates or gated channel, a gated channel changes shape to allow the passage of substances when gates are open and to prevent the passage when one or both gates are closed.
3. Pump, a pump transporter changes shape to carry substances across a cell membrane.
How can gates or gated channels change shape?
They can change shape when certain conditions in their environment, such as electircal charge or temperature, change.
What are the three factors that influence the movement of ions into and out of cells?
Concentration gradient, a voltage gradient, and the structure of the membrane.
What does diffusion result from?
Diffusion results from the random motion of molecules as they jostle and bounce about, gradually dispersing throughout the solution.
Concentrated gradient is defined as the difference in the concentration of an ion on the two sides of a membrane. True or false?
True
What is the difference between a concentrated gradient and an electrostatic gradient?
When ink is dropped into a concentration gradient, the water flows away from the initial point of contact until is equally distributed throughout the water. For electrostatic gradient, if a salty solution is poured into water, the positive and negative ions will flow down their electrostatic gradients until positive and negative charges are everywhere equal.
What is a voltage gradient?
A voltage gradient is the difference in charge between 2 regions that allow a flow of current if the regions are connected. It also allows for measuring the relative concentrations of positive and negative electrical charges in the current across the cell membrane.
What is the difference between anions and cations?
Cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged.
Why is the cell membrane impermeable to salty solutions?
The salt ions, which are encased in water molecules, will not pass through the membranes hydrophobic tails.
What happens when salt is placed in an impermeable membrane?
In an impermeable membrane, salt is placed in one side of a glass of water that is divided by a barrier dissolves. Positive and negative ions distribute themselves evenly through half o the container but cannot cross the barrier.
What happens when salt is placed in a semipermeable membrane?
With a semi permeable, if the barrier has a hole through which Cl- can pass but NA+ cannot, Cl- will diffuse from the side of high concentration through the hole in the barrier. Cl- will not be equally distributed on the two sides, because of the voltage gradient pulling them back toward the positive sodium ions. At equilibrium, one half of the container will be positively charged, and the other half will be negatively charged, and the voltage difference will be greatest close to the membrane.
What is the difference between anions and cations?
Cations are positively charged and anions are negatively charged.
Why is the cell membrane impermeable to salty solutions?
The salt ions, which are encased in water molecules, will not pass through the membranes hydrophobic tails.
What happens when salt is placed in an impermeable membrane?
In an impermeable membrane, salt is placed in one side of a glass of water that is divided by a barrier dissolves. Positive and negative ions distribute themselves evenly through half o the container but cannot cross the barrier.
What happens when salt is placed in a semipermeable membrane?
With a semi permeable, if the barrier has a hole through which Cl- can pass but NA+ cannot, Cl- will diffuse from the side of high concentration through the hole in the barrier. Cl- will not be equally distributed on the two sides, because of the voltage gradient pulling them back toward the positive sodium ions. At equilibrium, one half of the container will be positively charged, and the other half will be negatively charged, and the voltage difference will be greatest close to the membrane.
What is resting potential?
Resting potential is the normal voltage across a nerve-cell membrane; it varies between 60 and 90 mV in the cells of various animals.