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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory |
System or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use |
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Nonsense Syllables |
Stimuli used to study memory; typically composed of a consonant vowel consonant sequence (Hermann Ebbinghaus) |
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Serial Learning |
Learning procedure in which material that has been learned must be repeated in the order in which it was presented; also known as ordered recall |
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Free Recall |
Learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order |
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Serial Position Effect |
Tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned between than items in the middle |
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Paired Associate Learning |
Learning procedure in which items to be recalled are learned in pairs. During recall, one member of t he pair is presented and the other is to be recalled |
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Recognition Test |
Test in which retention is measured by the ability to pick out previously learned items from a list that also contains unfamiliar items |
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Relearning Test |
Test of retention that compares the time or trials required to learn material a second time with the time or trials required to learn the material the first time |
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Savings Score |
Difference between the time or trials originally required to learn material and the time or trials required to relearn the material; also known as relearning score |
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Encoding |
First stage of the memory process; in it, information is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored |
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Storage |
Second stage of the memory process; in it, information is placed int he memory system. This stage may involve either brief or long term storage of memories |
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Retrieval |
Third stage of the memory process; in it, stored memories are brought into consciousness |
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Eidetic Imagery |
A form of memory, often called photographic memory, that consists of especially vivid visual recollections of material |
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Sensory Memory |
Very brief (0.5 to 1.0 seconds for visual stimuli and 2 to 3 seconds for auditory stimuli) but extensive memory for sensory events (Ulric Neisser) |
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Short Term Memory (STM) |
Memory stage in which information is held in consciousness for 10 to 20 seconds (George Miller and 7) |
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Working Memory |
Second stage of STM; in it, attention and conscious effort are brought to bear on material |
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Long Term Memory (LTM) |
Memory stage that has a very large capacity and the capability to store information relatively permanently |
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Maintenance Rehearsal |
Rehearsal used when we want to save or maintain information for a specified period of time |
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Elaborative Rehearsal |
Rehearsal in which meaning is added to the material to be remembered |
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Proactive Interference |
Situation in which previously learned information hinders the recall of information learned more recently |
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Retroactive Interference |
Situation in which information learned more recently hinder the recall of information learned previously |
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Levels of Processing Model |
Theory stating that deeper processing of information increases the likelihood that the information will be recalled |
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Explicit Memories |
Memories that we are consciously aware of, such as facts or perosnal events; can be subdivided into semantic and episodic memory |
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Implicit Memories |
Memories we are not consciously aware of but can still influence our behavior and mental processes; can be subdivided into priming and procedural memory |
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Semantic Memory |
Memory of general knowledge |
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Tip of Tongue (TOT) Phenomenon |
condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory |
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Episodic Memory |
Memory of one's personal experience |
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Flashbulb Memory |
Very detailed memory of an arousing, surprising, or emotional situation |
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Priming |
Unconscious memory processing in which prior exposure to stimulus items may aid subsequent learning |
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Procedural |
Memory for making responses and performing skilled actions |
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Semantic Network |
Network of related concepts that are linked together |
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Schema |
Grouping or cluster of knowledge about an object or sequence of events |
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Encoding Specificity |
Theory stating that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded and when it is retrieved |
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Stage Dependent Learning |
Theory stating that when we learn something while in a specific physiological state, our recall of that information will be better when we are in the same physiological state |
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Mnemonic Devices |
Procedures for associating new information with previously stored memories |
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Imagery |
Process of visualizing items as they are being learned (dual system = words and images) |
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Method of Loci |
Use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been associated with them |
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Pegword Technique |
Use of familiar words or names as cues to recall items that have been associated with them |
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Grouping/Chunking |
Group material together in a specific order to help recall |
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Coding |
Coding less relevant material in a meaningful way to aid in learning |
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Acronym |
A word formed by the inital letter(s) of the items to be remembered |
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Acrostic |
A verse or saying in which the first letter(s) of each word stands for a bit of information |
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Amnesia |
Loss of memory that occurs as a result of physical or psychological trauma |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
Inability to store new memories after a traumatic event |
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Retorgrade Amnesia |
Loss of memories that were stored before a traumatic event |
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Consolidation Hypothesis |
Hypothesis that memories must be consolidate or set before they can be stored |
