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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychopharmacology |
The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and the brain |
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Drug effects |
The changes we observe in animal's behaviours and the physiological processes produced by drugs |
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Sites of action |
The point at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body |
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Pharmacokinetics |
The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed in the body, metabolized and excreted |
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Intravenous (IV) injection |
Injection through a vein, drug reaches brain through blood stream within a few seconds |
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Intraperitoneal (IP) injection |
Injection through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity (the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver and other abdominal organs) |
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Subcutaneous (SC) injection |
Injection into the space beneath the skin |
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Oral administration |
Administration of a drug through the mouth, most common form of administration for humans |
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Sublingual administration |
Administration of drugs by placing them under the tongue |
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Intrarectal administration |
Administration of a drug through the rectum |
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Inhalation |
Administration of a drug through the rectum |
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Topical administration |
The absorption of drugs through the skin/mucous membrane |
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Intracerebral administration |
Administration of a substance directly into the brain |
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Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration |
The administration of a substance into a cerebral ventricle, to achieve the widespread distribution of a drug in the brain |
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Dose-response curve |
A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug, as a function of the amount of drug administered |
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Therapeutic index |
The ration between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50 percent of the test animals, and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50 percent of the test animals |
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Affinity |
The readiness with which two drugs join together |
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Tolerance |
A decrease in the effects of a drug that is administered repeatedly |
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Sensitization |
A drug that increases in sensitivity |
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Withdrawal symptoms |
The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by the drug when the drug is no longer taken after sustained administration |
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Placebo |
An innocuous substance that has no specific physiological effect |
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Antagonist |
Drugs that block/inhibit postsynaptic effects |
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Agonist |
Drugs that facilitate synaptic transmission |
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Direct agonist |
Drugs that mmimic the the effects of an excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Receptor blockers/direct antagonist |
Drugs that bind with postsynaptic receptors that serves as antagonists |
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Noncompetitive binding |
Binding of a molecule to a multiple binding site, molecule does not compete with neurotransmitter for the same binding site |
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Indirect antagonist |
A drug that attaches to one of these sites, and prevents the ion channel from opening |
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Indirect agonist |
Drug that binds to an alternative site and facilitates the opening of the ion channel |
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Botulinum toxin |
Drug that is produced by a bacteria that can grow in improperly canned food, prevents the release of acetylcholine |
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Black widow spider venom |
A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine |
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Neostigmine |
An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that allows the ACh in the synapse to have a more prolonged effect |
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Monoamines |
Family of compounds to which dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin belong |
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Catecholamine |
Subclass of monoamines to which dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine belong |
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Dopamine |
Catecholamine that produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, depending on the receptor (implicated in movement, attention, learning, and reinforcement) |
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L-DOPA |
A precursor molecule for dopamine, converted by enzymes (used to treat Parkinsonians) |
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Parkinson's disease |
A degenerative movement disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements |
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Methylphenidate (cocaine) |
Blocks dopamine reuptake by blocking their synaptic transporters |
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Norepinephrine |
A catecholamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
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Epinephrine |
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, the central core of the adrenal glands |
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Serotonin |
An indolamine neurotransmitter that plays a role in the regulation of mood |
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Histamine |
A neurotransmitter that plays an important role in sleep/wakefulness |
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Glutamate |
The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain |
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GABA |
The most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain |
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Benzodiazepines |
Tranquillizing drugs that are used to reduce anxiety, promote sleep, reduce seizure activities, and produce muscle relaxation |
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Glycine |
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and the lower portion of the brain |
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Neuropeptides |
Two or more amino acids, linked together by peptide bonds and made from DNA (harder to release, and no reuptake) |
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Endocannabinoids |
Natural ligands for the receptors that are responsible for the effects of THC |
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Adenosine |
Combo of ribose and adenine, that serves as a neuromodulator in the brain (important for sleep control) |
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Caffeine |
Blocks adenosine receptors and produces excitatory effects |
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Nitric oxide |
Gas produced by neurons that is used for communication |
