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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
master at making the microscope 1st good light microscope loved his job discovered sperm |
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Robert Hooke |
looked at cork under microscope named the cell |
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Robert Brown |
named the nucleus |
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Schlieden & Schwann |
'all plants and animals are made up of cells' |
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Virchow |
'all cells reproduce' |
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Schlieden, Schwan, Virchow |
all 3 responsible for cell theory |
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The Cell Theory |
all organisms are made up of 1 or more cells the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism all cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Compound Light Microscope |
passes visible light through the specimen good resolution inexpensive |
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
best resolution of all microscopes pass electrons through specimens black and white very expensive, requires training |
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Scanning Electron Microscope |
bounces electrons off surface of specimen |
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Prokaryotic |
no membrane bound nucleus archaebacteria & eubacteria kingdom 3 DNA; naked; no protein covering, circular in shape no membrane bound organelles small and primitive |
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Eukaryotic |
have organized nucleus protist, fungi plant, animal kingdom 3 DNA; histone protein clothes, arranged in organized chromosomes structure |
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Cell Characteristics |
cell size: small, need microscope to see Nuclear region cytoplasmic region cell membrane region |
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Nuclear Region |
center of cell |
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Cytoplasmic Region |
middle of cell |
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Cell Membrane Region |
outside-covering cell |
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Cell Membrane-Surface to Volume Ratio |
measure of volume of cell versus cell membrane surface area volume of cell grows faster than cell membrane surface this is a trigger for the cell to divide |
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Cell Organelles-Nuclear Region |
nucleus nuclear membrane nuclear pore nucleoplasm nucleolus |
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Nucleus |
brain of the cell (control center) contains the DNA considered an organelle |
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DNA-Chromosome Form |
DNA+histone proteins |
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Nuclear Membrane |
2 phospholipid bilayers |
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Nuclear Pore |
holes or channels in nuclear membrane surrounded by elaborate protein structures allow large substances to enter and leave the nucleus selective in nuclear envelope |
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Nucleoplasm |
clear layer under nuclear envelope matrix inside nucleus |
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Nucleolus |
ribosome synthesis makes ribosomes and immediately kicks them out of the nucleus |
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Cell Organelles-Cytoplasmic Region |
Ribosomes Protein synthesis-makes protein found in 3 specific places nuclear membrane floating in the cytoplasm free attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
series of inter-connected tubes & flattened sacks continuous from nuclear membrane to cell membrane 2 kinds of transport Rough ER Smooth ER |
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Rough ER |
studded with ribosomes makes it rough modifies protein |
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Smooth ER |
no ribosomes on it lipid synthesis helps inactivate harmful substances |
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Golgi Apparatus |
packaging and processing center of the cell molecules enter into it and get their final touches looks like a stack of pancakes sorts out the different molecules packages them sends them off as membrane vesicles |
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Lysosomes |
sacs or secretory vesicles floating around in cytoplasm contains digestive enzymes and suicide sacs
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Digestive Enzymes |
are responsible for intracellular digestion (hydrolysis) |
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Suicide Sacs |
could kill cell with its enzymes if lysosome breaks open
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Apoptosis |
programmed cell death |
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Peroxisomes |
contain digestive enzymes catalase which is a special enzyme to break down hydrogen peroxide |
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Mitochondria |
powerhouse of the cell site of most ATP production cellular respiration occurring contains a double membrane structure; inner one known as the christae folded to increase surface area has a small piece of DNA Has its own ribosome |
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Endosymbiotic Theory |
mitochondria were once free living bacteria that fused with another cell and set up a symbiotic relationship evidences supporting this theory are: double membrane structure prokaryotic DNA prokaryotic ribosomes |
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Cytoplasm |
outside nucleus matrix inside cell composed mostly of water contains lots of proteins and other solutes gel to solid |
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Microfilaments and Microtubules |
fibers made of protein functions cytoskeleton skeletal support for the cell movement cilia-little hairs that beat flagella muscles centrioles- along with spindle fibers in mitosis constitute the spindle apparatus which pulls the chromosomes apart |
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Cell Membrane = Plasma Membrane |
phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins proteins in a cell membrane determines the function of the membrane semi-permeable or selectively permeable |
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Specialized Plant Organelles |
in plant cells but not in animal cells |
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Cell Wall |
outer most layer non-living part of cell composed of polysaccharide-cellulose serves as support and protection |
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Plastids |
storage: chloroplast grana stroma
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Chloroplast |
bags that store chlorophyll main photosynthesis cell |
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Grana |
sunlight into ATP (ATP not storable for long periods of time) |
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Stroma |
ATP converted into sugar more stable and storable |
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Chromoplast |
stores the pigment carotenoids yellow, orange, red, brown assist in photosynthesis by capturing other sunlight |
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Amyloplast |
colorless bags that store starch (potatoes) |
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Central Vacuole |
large fluid-filled cavity 45%-95% of the cell volume water is the main ingredient and water-soluble stuff- sugars, minerals, anthocyanins (deep red and purple) |
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Cell Junctions |
communication hold cells together with other cells (types in animals only): tight junction adhering junction gap junction desmosome |
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Tight Junctions |
skin cells membrane tightly fused together (quilted) |
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Adhering Junction |
urinary bladder cell membranes are spot-welded together allows for great stretching |
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Gap Junction |
heart cells channels between cells for rapid communication
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Desosome |
in heart protein bolts in cell membranes to give strong attachment |
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Plant Junctions |
Plasmodesmata- breaks or holes in cell wall that allows plant cells to communicate plant cell wall |
