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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Salience
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relates to how much a stimulus captures our attention.
This may be situational. |
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The Effect of Intensity
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More intense stimulus make for a better CS/US. This may have to do with the fact that very intense stimuli are pretty novel.
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Belongingness
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CS and US should match each other to form association. A CS has to be at least somewhat appropriate to the US, or an association will be difficult to form.
If US-CS cannot be matched, association is unlikely. |
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Relevance
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similar to belongingness.
Relevance refers to the relative readiness for a particular association to develop. Some stimuli are pre-programmed for certain responses. |
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Factors Affecting the Acquisition of a CS-US Association
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• Effect of Novelty
• Effect of Intensity • Salience • Belongingness • Relevance |
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Higher-Order Conditioning
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irrational fears often develop through this. One CS is paired with another after a CS-US association has been formed.
(crowds, movie theater) We make connections between related events, and are less likely to make associations as they get separated (by degrees). **This occurs AFTER the original CS/US pairing. This is when the other CS' can be associated. |
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Sensory Preconditioning
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Associations can also be learned between two stimuli, each of which elicits only a mild orienting response before conditioning.
Like Higher-Order Conditioning, but CS2-CS1 association is made <b>before</b> CS1-US association instead of after. The second stimulus will occur before the US/CS pairing. |
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Vicarious Conditioning
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refers to the development of a CR to a CS following an observation of another individual <i>reacting</i> to the CS.
A common example is conditioned fear and/or social behaviors. |
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Stimulus Generalization
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generalization allows us to respond to a stimulus which shares attributes with, but is not the same as the CS.
This occurs on a gradient. As the stimulus becomes less similar, we will see less of a response. (red light example) We can have an indirect association because of something we are already familiar with. |
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What determines the nature of the CR?
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both the CS and the US have a role in determining the CR.
The CR reflects the expectation of the US. The CR may also be affected by the nature of the CS itself. |
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Pavlov's Stimulus Substitution Model
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When the CS is presented, it activates the US brain center, which through that connection activates the UR brain center automatically.
According to Pavlov's model, conditioning makes the CS a substitute for the US. Stimulus-Stimulus learning. |
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Kamin Blocking Effect
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A second CS does not build association as fast after a first is presented.
interference with the conditioning of a novel stimulus because of the presence of a previously conditioned stimulus. |
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Stimulus Response Learning
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the learning of an association between a stimulus and a response, with the result that the stimulus comes to elicit the response.
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Stimulus-Stimulus Learning
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the learning of an association between two stimuli, with the result that exposure to one of the stimuli comes to activate a representation or "mental image" of the other stimulus.
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Rescorla Wagner Model
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∆V = k (λ - V)
Mathematical model to predict behavior. Relies on US "surprisingness" |
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Overshadowing
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A second, less salient CS, paired with the first to predict US does not acquire association as strongly.
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Asymptotic Learning
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There is a ceiling on performance. Behavior can be "maximal".
There is a ceiling on "association". More abstract. Can't connect two things beyond a certain point. |
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US devaluation
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reduction in the attractiveness of an unconditioned stimulus, usually achieved by aversion conditioning or satiation.
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Rescora Wagner Model
Four Assumptions |
1. There is a maximum associative strength between any US and CS.
2. Associative strength gained on a trial depends on level of prior training. 3. Rate of conditioning varies with the US/CS used. 4. US has a certain amount of associative value (more CS' require division of this value). |
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Mechanics of the R-W Model
∆V = k (λ - V) |
"V" is the associative value of the CS to the US.
"λ" represents maximum conditioning supported by the US. "K" refers to rate of conditioning. "∆V" represents learning on a given trial. |
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∆V
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refers to the change in "V". The change in the associative strength predicting the US. This will tell us the learning from this model.
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R-W model predicts...
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the Kamin Effect. It does predict the (blocking) effect.
Conditioned Inhibition Overshadowing US pre exposure |
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New Predictions
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There are some new predictions of the R-W model. It predicts new associations that we did not know about before.
US pre-exposure |
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Failures of RW Model
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aspects of extinction are not predicted. spontaneous recovery
Conditioned Inhibition Contra-Blocking Effect |
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Failure of Contra Blocking Effect
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• CS1 ---> US; CS1 + CS2 --->US
○ Normally: CS2 depreciated ○ In Contra-blocking: CS2 acquired CR also ○ Finding not predicted by R-W Model |
