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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is magnification?
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increased the apparent size of an object
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What is resolution?
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measure of the clarity of an image
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What is the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?
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LMs cannot provide details of a small cell's structure, EM's can only observe non living objects.
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What is the cell theory?
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all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
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What is the difference between a SEM and a TEM?
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SEMs study the detailed architecture of a cell's surface whereas TEMs study the details of the internal cell structure
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What is the range of most animal and plant cells?
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10-100 micrometers
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What increases as the cell size increases?
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the volume increases (faster than the surface area)
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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prokaryotic cells are smaller, do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus that houses their DNA or other membrane enclosed organelles, and have smaller, different ribosomes.
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What is the purpose of the plasma membrane and what is it made of?
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forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings, made of phospholipids
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What is a chromosome?
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an organelle that carries the genes made of DNA
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What are ribosomes?
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tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the genes
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What is the cytoplasm?
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the interior of a cell
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What is a nucleoid?
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DNA of prokaryotic cells are coiled into this region but not surrounded by a membrane
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What are flagella?
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longer projections that propel the cell through its liquid environment
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What is the nucleus?
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region that performs DNA replication, RNA synthesis
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What is the Rough ER?
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synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins, secretory proteins, hydrolytic enzymes, formation of transport vesicles
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What is the Smooth ER?
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lipid synthesis, detox in liver cells, calcium ion storage
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What is the Golgi apparatus?
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modification/sorting of macromolecules, formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles
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What are lysosomes?
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digestion of ingested food, bacteria, and a cell's damage organelles and macromolecules for recycling
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What are vacuoles?
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digestion (food vacuole) storage of chemicals and cell enlargement (central vacuole) water balance (contractile vacuole)
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What are mitochondria?
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conversion of chemical energy in food to chemical energy of ATp, have their own DNA and ribosomes
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What are chloroplasts?
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conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugars
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What is the cytoskeleton made of?
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microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubles
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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maintenance of cell shape, anchorage for organelles, cell movement
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What are the 3 cell junctions?
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1. tight junctions (prevent leakage),
2. anchoring junctions (fasten cells together into sheets) 3. gap junctions (allow molecules to flow between cells) |
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What are cell walls?
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only in plant cells, support /protection
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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double membrane, has pores that allow material to flow in and out of the cell
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What are cilia?
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short "eyelashes", work like the oars of a boat to propel the cell
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What are flagella and cilia made of?
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microtubules
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What is the extracellular matrix (EM)?
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helps animal cells hold together in tissues and protect/support plasma membrane
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What is the endosymbiont theory?
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states the mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.
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