Chapter 4

Front 1

light microscope
use to see

Back 1

microorganisms
animal and plant cells
some structures within cells

Front 2

electron microscope (EM)

Back 2

uses a beam of electrons
can resolve biological structures as small as 2 nanometers
magnify up to 100,000 times

Front 3

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Back 3

studies the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

Front 4

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Back 4

studies the detail of internal cell stucture

Front 5

plasma membrane

Back 5

forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surrounding

Front 6

phosholipids

Back 6

form a two layer sheet called phosholipid bilayer
in which hydrophilic heads face outward, exposed to water
hydrophobic tails point inward, shielded from water

Front 7

prokaryotic cells are

Back 7

bacteria and archaea

Front 8

eukaryotic cells are

Back 8

plant, animal, fungi, and protists

Front 9

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have

Back 9

a plasma membrane
one or more chromosomes and ribosomes

Front 10

light microscope used to see

Back 10

microorganisms
animal and plant cells
some strutures within a cell

Front 11

cell theory

Back 11

all living things are composed of cells
all cells come from other cells

Front 12

electron microscope (EM)

Back 12

uses a beam of electrons
resolve biological strustures as small as 2 nanometers
magnify up to 100,000 times

Front 13

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Back 13

studies the detailed architecture of cell surfaces

Front 14

transmission electron microscope(TEM)

Back 14

studies the details of internal cell srtuctures

Front 15

plasma membrane

Back 15

forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings

Front 16

phosholipids

Back 16

forms a two-layer sheet called a phosholipid bilayer in which
hydropilic heads face outward, exposed to water
hydrophobic tails point inward, shielded from water

Front 17

prokaryotic cells

Back 17

bacteria and archaea

Front 18

eukaryotic cells

Back 18

plant, animal, fungi, and protists

Front 19

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have

Back 19

a plasma membrane
one or more chromosomes and ribosomes

Front 20

eukaryotic cells have

Back 20

membrane-bound nucleus
number of other organelles

Front 21

prokaryotic cells have

Back 21

a nucleios and no true organelles

Front 22

nucleiod

Back 22

the DNA of prokaryotic cells is coiled into a region called the nucleiod, but no membrane surrounds the DNA

Front 23

prokaryotic cells surface may

Back 23

be surrounded by a chemically complex cell wall
have a capsule surrounding the cell wall
have short projections that help attach to other cells or the substrate
have longer projections called flagella that may propel the cell through its liquid environment

Front 24

cellular metabolism

Back 24

many chemical activities of cells, occurs within organelles

Front 25

the strutures and organelles eukaryotic cells perform four basic functions

Back 25

1. the nucleus and ribosomes are involved in the genetic control of the cell
2. the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vaccuoles, and peroxisomes are involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of molecules
3. mitochondria in all cells and chloroplast in plant cells are involved in energy processing
4. structural support, movement, and communication between cels are functions of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and the cell wall

Front 26

plant cells dont have

Back 26

lysosomes and centrioles

Front 27

animal cells dont have

Back 27

central vaccuole
chloroplast
cell wall
plasmodesma

Front 28

nucleus

Back 28

contains most of the cell's DNA
controls the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis by making messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 29

nuclear envelope

Back 29

a double membrane
has pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus
is attached to a network of cellular membranes called the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 30

nucleolus

Back 30

a prominent structure in the nucleus
the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Front 31

ribosomes

Back 31

are involved in the cell's protein synthesis
synthesized from rRNA produced in the nucleolus
cells that must synthesize large amounts of protein have a large number of ribosomes

Front 32

free ribosomes

Back 32

suspended in the cytoplasm
typically involved in making proteins that function within the cytoplasm

Front 33

bound ribosomes

Back 33

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated with the nuclear envelope
associated with proteins packed in certain organelles or exported from the cell

Front 34

endomembrane system

Back 34

many of the membranes within a eukaryotic cell are part of the endomembrane system
some of these membrane are physically connected and some are related by the transferof membrane segments by tiny vesicles

Front 35

vesicles

Back 35

sacs made of membranes

Front 36

endomembrane system includes

Back 36

nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
vacuoles
plasma membrane

Front 37

Smooth E.R

Back 37

lacks attached ribosomes

Front 38

Smooth ER is involved in a variety of diverse metabolic processes which could be

Back 38

produces enzymes important in the synthesis of lipids, oils, phospolipids, and steriods
some smooth ER helps store calcium ions

Front 39

rough ER makes

Back 39

additional membrane for itself
proteins destined for secretion

Front 40

golgi apparatus serves as

Back 40

a molecular warehouse and finishing factory for products manufactured by the ER

Front 41

lysosome

Back 41

is a membrane sac containing digestive enzymes

Front 42

lysosomes help

Back 42

digest food particles engulfed by a cell
1.a food vacuole binds with a lysosome
2.the enzymes in the lysosome digest the food
3.the nutrient are then released into the cell

Front 43

lysosomes also help remove damaged parts of a cell

Back 43

1.the damaged organelleis first in a membrane vesicle
2. then a lysosome
-fuses with the vesicle
-dismantles its contents
-breaks down the damaged organelle

Front 44

vacuoles

Back 44

are large vesicles that have a variety of functions

Front 45

in plants a vacuole may

Back 45

-have digestive function
-contain pigments
-contain poisons that protect the plant

Front 46

mitochondria

Back 46

are organelles that carry out cellular repiration in nearly all eukarotic cells
-cellular repiration converts the chemical energy in foods to chemical energy to ATP

Front 47

mitochondria have two internal compartments

Back 47

1.the intermembrane space is the narrow region between the inner and outer membranes

Front 48

the mitochondrial matrix

Back 48

contains
-the mitochondrial DNA
-ribosomes
-many enzymes that catalyze some of the reactions of cellular respiration

Front 49

chloroplasts

Back 49

are the photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthesizing eukaryotes

Front 50

photosynthesis

Back 50

is the conversion of light energy from the sun to the chemical energy of sugar molecules

Front 51

chloroplasts are partioned into compartments which are

Back 51

-between the outer and inner membrane is a thin intermembrane space
-inside the inner membrane is
-a thick fluid called STROMA that contains the chloroplast DNA,ribosomes,and many enzymes
-a network of interconnected sacs called THYLAKOIDS
-in some regions,thylakoids are stacked like poker chips. each stack is called a GRANUM,where green chlorophyll molecules trap solar energy

Front 52

mitochondria and chloroplast have

Back 52

DNA
ribosomes

Front 53

endosymbiont theory

Back 53

-mitochondria and chloroplast were formerly small prokaryotes
-they began living within larger cells

Front 54

cytoskeleton

Back 54

cells containing a network of protein fiber
which functions in structural support and mitility

Front 55

cytoskeleton is composed of three kinds of fibers

Back 55

1.microfilaments(actin filaments) support the cell's shape and are involved in motility
2.intermediate filaments reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles
3.microtubules (made of tubulin) give the cell rigidity and act as tracks for organelle movement

Front 56

flagellum

Back 56

longer than cilia,propels a cell by an undulating,whiplike motion

Front 57

cilia

Back 57

work more like the oars of a crew boat

Front 58

cilia and flagellum both are made of

Back 58

microtubules wrapped in an extension of the plasma membrane

Front 59

cilia and flagellum move by

Back 59

bending motor proteins called dynein feet
-these feet attach to and exert a sliding force on an adjacent doublet
-the arms then release and reattach a little further along and repeat this time after time
-this "walking" causes the microtubules to bend

Front 60

animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM) that

Back 60

-helps hold cells together in tissues
-protects and supports the plasma membrane

Front 61

integrins

Back 61

span the plasma membrane and connect to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

Front 62

tight junction

Back 62

prevent leakage of extracelluar fluid across a layer of epithelial cells

Front 63

anchoring junction

Back 63

fasten cells together into sheets

Front 64

gap junctions

Back 64

are channels that allow molecules to flow between cells

Front 65

cell wall

Back 65

-protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright against gravity
-is primarily composed of cellulose

Front 66

plasmodesmata

Back 66

in plant cells that serve in communication between cells

Front 67

nucleus

Back 67

DNA replication, RNA synthesis;assembly of ribosomal subunits (in nuleoli)

Front 68

ribosomes

Back 68

polypeptide (protein) synthesis

Front 69

Rough ER

Back 69

synthesis of membrane lipids and proteins,secretory proteins,and hydrolytic enzymes; formation of transport vesicles

Front 70

smooth ER

Back 70

lipid synthesis; detoxifiction in liver cells; calcium ion storage

Front 71

golgi apparatus

Back 71

modification and sorting of macromolecules; formation of lysosomes and transoprt vesicles

Front 72

lyosomes (in animal cells and some protists)

Back 72

digestion of ingested food,bacteria, and a cell's damaged organelles and macromolecules for reycling

Front 73

vacuoles

Back 73

digestion (food vacuole); storage of chemicals and cell enlargement (central vacuole); water balance (contractile vacuole)

Front 74

peroxisomes (not part of endomembrane system)

Back 74

diverse metabolic processes, with breakdown of toxic hydrogen peroxide by-product