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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is consciousness?
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Our immediate awarness of our thoughts feelings at any given moment
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William James
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consciosness is an ongoing stream of mental activity 1st person to recognize concousness perceived by us as consciousness and unbroken
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why is the study of consciousness important
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behavior cannot be completly understood without considering the role of consciousness mental processes. Helps answer the question, why?
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Circadian rhyhms
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Daily functions in certain biological and psychological processes
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The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus - what is the SCN
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A cluster of neurons located in the hypthalamus that serves as the body's clock - set primarily by sunlight
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The pineal gland, a small gland at the base of the brain, secretes
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melatonin
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Decreased light:
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increases melatonin levels and brings on sleep.
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Increased light:
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decreases melatonin levels and wakes us up.
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The Brain During REM sleep - the primary visual cortex and frontal lobes
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both are shut down. sleeper is cut off from external stimuli and brain centers involved in rational thought
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The amygdala and hippocampus
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the amygdala (the emotion) and hippocampus (memory center) both are highly active (front lobe) the reasoning part of the brain
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REM and Memory Consolidation - what does research show about REM sleep and learning?
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REM sleep increases after learning a new tast or skill REM deprivation following raining disrupts learing (Babies spend 80% of their sleep in dreaming)
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How does REM sleep help us process recent experiences?
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Brain areas activited during training are reactivated during REM sleep. REM may help stabilize the neural connectios acquired during recent learning
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What do we dream about
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Across cultures the following themes are common (1) falling (2) flying (3) being chases or attacked (4) being naked in public
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Why don' we remember our dreams? fundamental changes in brain chemistry functioning
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Frontal lobes inacive and less neurotransmitters are being procuded so there is mimimal information processin or memory storage
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Why do we remember some dreams:
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we awaken during the dream - we aren't immeidately distracted upon - the dream is especially vivid or bizzare
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The significance of dreams: Sigmund Freud
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Dream images are disguised as symbolic expressios of the unconcious mind
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manifest content vs. laent content
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manifes content - actual dream and story - latent content: what the dream and story really means
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The activation - synthesis model of dreaming
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Brain internally generates signals and we try to make sense of them. The brain areas are activited and create images. We then try to syntheize them into a story without any external stimuli.
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PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS - What are psychoactive drugs
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any subsance that when ingested alters a persons (1) mood, (2) feeling or (3) behavior
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Progression of substance abuse
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there is nobody in this world who has ever said I better not do this because I might be addicted someday
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Experimental stage
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motivated by curisosity and peer pressure
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Social use stage
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use dictated by society. most never go past this stage
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Abuse stage
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problems in one or more life areas due to use - comes from learning theory they learn if they are stressed to use the substance and they feel better) a reinforcerer
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addiction stage
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using to feel normal because i don't know any other way to function in the world
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substance abuse (chemical dependency) terms
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a person comes in for help and they have a problem in any one of the areas below: physical dependence, tolerance, withdrawl symptoms, drug rebound effect,
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what is drug abuse:
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when drug use disrupts a major life area such as work, family school finances legal church
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physical dependence
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body ad brain chemistry physically adapt to the substance. this is the new normal for the body
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tolerance
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need increasing amouns of the substance to get the same effect
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withdrawal symptoms
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unpleasant physical response to not having the drug and intense craving for it can range from uncomfortable to life threatening
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drug rebound effect
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withdrawal symptoms are the opposite of the drug's actions
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what is addiction
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person feels psycholgically and/or physically compelled to use a substance cannot function normal without it
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changes in brain activity
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substances can increase or decrease the neurgransmitrs amoiutn or block the receptors sites
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The Depressants - what are depressants
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drugs that inhibit or depress 9slows down) central nervous system activity - addicting
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Depressant: Alcohol
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reduces tension and anxiety - in small amounts only
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How many alcoholics are there
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In U.S. about 10-18 million abusers about 7 million alcholics
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Effects on the nervous system
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depress activity of the neurons in the brain. Resutls in poor concentration, memory loss slowed speech, poor muscle coordination
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what is binge drining
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5 plus drinks in a row for men 4 plus drinks in a row for women
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physical withdrawl symptoms
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shakes to delirum tremers (dt's) which can include hallucinations and seizures
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Alcohol is not a stimulant
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makes people uninhibited not stimulated - affects prefontal cortex
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barbituarates and tranquilzers
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depress brain activity in brain center that control arousal, wakefulness and alertness
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what do barbiturates do
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low doese, relaxation mild euphoria and reduced inhibitions. high doses - poor coordination impaired mental functioning and depression
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what do tranquilizers do
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relieve anxiety - less powerful than barbiturates
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inhalants
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chemicals inhaled to produce a high paint solvants, gasoline, gules
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wht do inhalants do
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low doses - relaxatio giddiness and reduced inhibitions, high doses -hallucinations, loss of concentraiton
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inhalants are dangerous
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suffocation, liver toxicity, and neural damage can occur
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The Opiates (narcotics) what are opiates and what do they include
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relieve pain and produce feeling of euphoria - mimic the brain's painkillers,. opium, morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone
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what is the most frequencly abused opiate
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heroin produces feelings of euphoria and contentment, withdrawal is awful
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The stimulants do the opposite of depressents what do stimulants do?
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Increase brain activity all are at least midly addictive
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caffeine and nicotine
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caffeine increaes mental alertness and wakefulness - nicotine - increases mental alertness and reduces fatigue.
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what is unique about these two substances
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they are the mostly widly used psychoactive drugs inthe world
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amphetamines and cocaine stimulate brain activity, increase mental alertness and reduce fatigue
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Produce severe psychlogical and physical problems can never reproduce the 1st high of cocaine
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what do amphetamines do and what do they include
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elevate mood and suppress appeite. include benzedrine dexadrine and methamphetamine, which reduces with nuber of dopamine receptors in the brain lead to memory and motor skill prlbmes
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what is cocaine
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powder that can be inhailed or smoked. leads to feelings of intesnse euphoria and self-confidence.
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stimulant - induced pyschosis can produce schizophrenic life symptoms - psychedelic drugs - what do psychedelic drugs do?
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create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood and affect thinking
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what are some common psychedelic drugs?
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mescaline, from the peyote catus LSD, which is synthetic and similar to serotonin.
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Marijuana
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comes from the hemp plant. THC is the active ingredent. recent discovery there are receptors sites int he brain specif or THC what does this tell us: Neurotransmitte ananamide
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long term use of marijuana has been linked to:
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Interference with learning memory and cognitive functioning -- Impaired drivng abillity - withdrawal
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club drugs - how do we define club drugs
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popularized by the dance club scene no one category most are synthetic
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ecstasy
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low doeses stimulatnat, high doeses - hallucinogen blocks the reuptake of serotonin and may caue release - produces feeling of euphoria (love drug) side effects include dehydraion rapid heart beat treamors muscle tension
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dissociative anesthetics
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PCP and Ketamine (special k) used as a nesthic beerinary surgery. depresonalizatio - dissociation.
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precautions
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never take a substance that has been prescribed for someone else - Natural subances can be dangeorus too -- beware of using substances to do normal activities
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