Chapter 38

Front 4

alveoli:

Back 4

small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange

Front 5

angina:

Back 5

a temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles

Front 6

arterial blood gas:

Back 6

a diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 7

atelectasis:

Back 7

incomplete expansion or collapse of a part of the lungs

Front 8

atria:

Back 8

upper chambers of the heart

Front 9

atrioventricular bundle:

Back 9

a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract

Front 10

atrioventricular (AV) node:

Back 10

a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle

Front 11

bradypnea:

Back 11

slow rate of breathing

Front 12

bronchial:

Back 12

those heard over the trachea; high in pitch and intensity, with expiration being longer than inspiration

Front 13

bronchodilator:

Back 13

medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles

Front 14

bronchovesicular:

Back 14

normal breath sounds heard over the upper anterior chest and intercostal area

Front 15

capnography:

Back 15

a method to monitor ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs

Front 16

cardiopulmonary:

Back 16

relating to the heart and the lungs

Front 17

cardiovascular:

Back 17

relating to the heart and blood vessels

Front 18

cilia:

Back 18

microscopic, hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated

Front 19

crackles:

Back 19

fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs

Front 20

diffusion:

Back 20

tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is established

Front 21

dry powder inhaler (DPI):

Back 21

types of breath-activated delivery methods for inhaled medications

Front 22

dyspnea:

Back 22

difficult or labored breathing

Front 23

dysrhythmia:

Back 23

an abnormal cardiac rhythm

Front 24

electrocardiogram (ECG):

Back 24

graphic record produced by the electrocardiograph

Front 25

endotracheal tube:

Back 25

polyvinyl-chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a laryngoscope as a guide

Front 26

expiration:

Back 26

act of breathing out; synonym is exhalation

Front 27

heart failure

Front 28

hemothorax:

Back 28

blood that develops in the pleural space

Front 29

hyperventilation:

Back 29

condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs

Front 30

hypoventilation:

Back 30

decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs

Front 31

hypoxemia:

Back 31

deficient oxygenation of blood

Front 32

hypoxia:

Back 32

inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells

Front 33

inspiration:

Back 33

act of breathing in; synonym is inhalation

Front 34

internal respiration:

Back 34

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells

Front 35

ischemia:

Back 35

deficiency of blood in a particular area

Front 36

metered-dose inhaler (MDI):

Back 36

instrument that delivers a controlled dose of medication to narrowed airways with each compression of the canister

Front 37

myocardial infarction:

Back 37

one type of acute coronary syndrome characterized by the death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen; also known as a heart attack

Front 38

nasal cannula:

Back 38

disposable, plastic device that delivers oxygen via two protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils

Front 39

nebulizer:

Back 39

instrument that disperses fine particles of medication into the deeper passages of the respiratory tract where absorption occurs

Front 40

oxygenation:

Back 40

the process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen

Front 41

pacemaker:

Back 41

another name for the sinoatrial (SA) node; initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals

Front 42

perfusion:

Back 42

process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues

Front 43

pleural effusion:

Back 43

fluid in the pleural space

Front 44

pleural friction rub:

Back 44

continuous, dry grating sound caused by inflammation of pleural surfaces and loss of lubricating pleural fluid

Front 45

pneumothorax:

Back 45

air in the pleural space

Front 46

pulmonary ventilation:

Back 46

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 47

pulse oximetry:

Back 47

noninvasive technique that measures the oxygen saturation (SaO2) of arterial blood

Front 48

respiration:

Back 48

gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries

Front 49

sinoatrial (SA) node:

Back 49

a mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava, that initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals; also known as pacemaker

Front 50

spirometer:

Back 50

instrument used to measure lung capacities and volumes; one type is used to encourage deep breathing (incentive spirometry)

Front 51

sputum:

Back 51

respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat

Front 52

surfactant:

Back 52

detergent-like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

Front 53

tachypnea:

Back 53

rapid rate of breathing

Front 54

thoracentesis:

Back 54

aspiration of fluid or air from the pleural space

Front 55

tracheostomy:

Back 55

artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted

Front 56

ventricles:

Back 56

lower chambers of the heart

Front 57

vesicular

Front 58

wheezes:

Back 58

continuous, high-pitched squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages