Chapter 36- Brain Function

Front 1

When a patient has low O2 but the blood flow is normal they are considered to be

Back 1

Hypoxic

Front 2

When a patient has low blood flow that interferes with delivery of O2 and glucose along with removal of waste products they are considered

Back 2

Ischemic

Front 3

0-15 mmHG is the normal _____ ______ range.

Back 3

Intracranial Pressure

Front 4

This is displacement of brain tissue through the skull.

Back 4

Herniation

Front 5

The abnormal increase in CSF volume in any part or all of the ventricular system is known as

Back 5

Hydrocephalus

Front 6

This structural damage to the brain is the leading cause of death in people younger than 24. It can be open, closed, simple, comminuted, depressed, and basilar.

Back 6

Traumatic Head and Brain Injury

Front 7

Explain Coup-Contrecoup.

Back 7

You're crazy smart!!!

Front 8

A _______ is a momentary interruption of brain function with or without loss of conciousness; usually recovery takes place within 24 hours.

Back 8

Concussion

Front 9

Headache, irritability, poor concentration, and memory loss are all symptoms of a ______.

Back 9

Concussion

Front 10

This is a bruise to the cortical surface of the brain caused by blunt trauma which causes permanent damage to brain tissue because it becomes necrotic.

Back 10

Contusion

Front 11

______ ______ ______ is the most common cause of brain death or vegetative state.

Back 11

Diffuse Axonal Injury

Front 12

This can develop between the bones of the skull and the dura after trauma.

Back 12

Epidual Hematoma

Front 13

This develops in the area between the dura and the arachnoid space and usually isthe result of a tear in the small bridging veins that connect veins on the surface fo the cortex to dural sinuses.

Back 13

Subdural Hematoma

Front 14

These can occur in any lobe of the brain, may be single or multiple, and occur most often in alcoholics and the elderly.

Back 14

Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas

Front 15

This results due to a decrease of blood flow to the brain. It is a caused by a focal neuroligic deficit due to a vascular injury to the brain tissue.

Back 15

A Stroke

Front 16

Differentiate between an Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke.

Back 16

Ischemic Stroke-caused by interruption of blood flow in a cerebral vessel (clot or plaque); Hemorrhagic Stroke-caused by bleeding into brain tissue, associated with a much higher fatality rate than ischemic strokes

Front 17

What are some risk factors for a stroke?

Back 17

Age, gender, race,heart disease, HTN, high cholesterol, smoking, prior stroke, and diabetes.

Front 18

This is caused by a thrombosis or emboli, can be precipitated by a TIA.

Back 18

Ischemic Stroke; TIA=Transient Ischemic Attack

Front 19

The symptoms of this last 24 hours or less; is also known as a "mini stroke" or "brain angina".

Back 19

Transient Ischemic Attack-TIA

Front 20

With an ischemic stroke the most common site is in the _____ _____.

Back 20

Large Vessels

Front 21

What form of an ischemic stroke leaves crypts in the brain tissue?

Back 21

Small Vessel Stroke

Front 22

Define a Cardiogenic Emoblic Stroke.

Back 22

A stroke due to a blood clot that moves to the brain and usually originates in the carotid artery.

Front 23

This is the most frequent fatal stroke, the patient may be confused, aggressive and experience vomitting and headaches.

Back 23

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Front 24

This is usually caused by a ruptured cerebral aneurysm which is bleeds into the subarachnoid space. Typically in those 50 years and older, only 1/3 of patients recover without disability.

Back 24

Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Front 25

_______ is characterized as inflammation of the pia mater, the arachnoid, and the CSF filled subarachnoid space.

Back 25

Menengitis

Front 26

Differentiate between the 2 forms of Meningitis.

Back 26

Bacterial Meningitis- due to s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae, neisseria, this is the worst kind to have, treated with antiboitics; Viral Meningitis- less severe, self limited and requires treatment of the symptoms, usually due to enteroviruses

Front 27

This is a generalized infection of the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord, it can be caused by HSV and HIV, it is transmitted by bite or ingestion.

Back 27

Encephalitis

Front 28

This is an uncontrolled electrical discharge from a group of nerurons in the cerebral cortex.

Back 28

Seizure

Front 29

_______ , or idiopathic, include no identifiable cause and are though to be genetic, they require chronic administration of antiepileptic medications.

Back 29

Unprovoked Seizure Disorder

Front 30

_______ , or symptomatic, include febrile seizures and seizures precipitated by a systemic metabolic condition, the underlying cause is treated.

Back 30

Provoked Seizure Disorder

Front 31

These start before 20 years of age and can be partial or generalized.

Back 31

Epileptic Syndromes

Front 32

Differentiate between the simple, complex, and secondarily generalized forms of partial seizures. (This falls under Epiliptic Syndromes.)

Back 32

Simple-only one hemisphere is affected and it is not accompanied by a loss of consciousness; Complex-begins localized but can progress and does involve an impairment of consciousness; Secondarily Generalized- involves the deep structures of the brain in both hemispheres

Front 33

Where does a Complex Partial Seizure typically stem from?

Back 33

Temporal Lobe

Front 34

There are 4 subcatagories of Generalized Seizures, what are they?

Back 34

Absence, Atonic, Myoclonic, and TonicClonic

Front 35

This is also known as a petit mal seizure.

Back 35

Absence Seizure

Front 36

This is characterized by a sudden, split second loss of muscle tone.

Back 36

Atonic Seizure

Front 37

This is characterized by a brief involuntary spasm induced by a stimuli of cerebral origin.

Back 37

Myoclonic Seizure

Front 38

This is also known as a grand mall seizure and is the most common.

Back 38

Tonic Clonic

Front 39

50-70% of cases are found to be due to coritcal atrophy and loss of neurons, there is no known cause.

Back 39

Alzheimer's Disease

Front 40

When is Alzheimer's Disease diagnosed?

Back 40

Upon Autopsy

Front 41

What is Dementia?

Back 41

Way to go, you're all going to make "A's"!!!

Front 42

HTN and CVA are risk factors for this, it is due to infarcts of/in the brain.

Back 42

Vascular Dementia

Front 43

What does Pick Disease cause?

Back 43

Atrophy of the Frontal and Temporal areas of the brain.

Front 44

This is due to an _________ protein called a _________ and is transmissible.

Back 44

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; infective; prion

Front 45

This form of dementia is due to chronic alcoholism.

Back 45

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Front 46

Huntington dementia is due to an _______ _______ _______ disorder and is characterized by a localized loss of brain cells.

Back 46

Autosomal Dominant Disorder