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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic nutrients
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contain carbon and hydrogen, essential components of all living organisms; they include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins.
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Inorganic nutrients
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are those not containing carbonand hydrogen; they include minerals and water.
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human digestive system
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-The gastrointestinal (GI) tract
-A series of organs arranged in a long tube that work together to process foods. -Sphincters are muscles that control the passage of food material from one organ to the next. |
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
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denatures protein
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Pepsin
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an enzyme that digests protein
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Gastric lipase
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an enzyme that minimally digests fat
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Gastrin
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a hormone that stimulates secretion of HCl
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Accessory organs assist in digestion in the small intestine.
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-The liver produces bile.
-The gallbladder stores bile. -CCK (a hormone) signals the gallbladder to release bile Bile emulsifies fats. The pancreas produces: Secretin (a hormone) to stimulate secretion of sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes an acidic chyme CCK to stimulate secretion of digestive enzymes |
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Digestion and absorption of carbohydrate
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Pancreatic amylase: starch maltose
Maltase: maltose glucose Glucose is absorbed into a blood capillary |
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Digestion and absorption of carbohydrate
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Pancreatic amylase: starch maltose
Maltase: maltose glucose Glucose is absorbed into a blood capillary |
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Digestion and absorption of protein
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Trypsin: protein peptides
Peptidase: peptides amino acids Amino acids are absorbed into a blood capillary |
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Digestion and absorption of fat
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Lipase: fat (triglycerides) monoglycerides + fatty acids
Monoglycerides and fatty acids are made into a chylomicron and absorbed into a lymphatic capillary. |
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large intestine
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•absorbswater, short-chain fatty acids, electrolytes (most salts, acids, and bases),and some vitamins.
–Bacteriabreak down indigestible food to produce vitamin K (necessary forblood clotting). -Storesindigestible material until eliminatedatthe anus |
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Incomplete digestive system
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•ONEopening for food entering and waste exiting
•Gastrovascularcavity –both digestion of food and circulation of nutrients •Cnidarian,Platyhelminthes |
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Complete digestive system
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-Found in most animals including human -Separate openings for food entering and waste exiting
-Invertebrate examples -Earthworm: mouth pharynx esophagus crop gizzard (grinds food) long intestine with typhlosole ( increases the absorptive and digestive surface anus -Insects: mouth parts foregut midgut (w/glands) hindgut anus |
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Chondrichthyes and bony fishes
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-Often very effective teeth
-Lengthy intestines -Spiralvalve – acorkscrew shapedportionofthe intestine in some chondrichthyes thatincrease the absorptivesurfaceck_��R��� |
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Amphibians and reptiles
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-Socketed teeth or fangs in reptiles
-Jacobson's organ – an organ of chemoreception that is part of the olfactory system (also occurs in mammals) |
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Birds
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-Beaks, crop(storage of food)
-Two-partstomach – the proventriculus(functions similar to our stomach) leading to the gizzard(grinds food) |
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Mammals
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•Temporaryand permanent
•Anteriorteeth: incisors and canines – grasp and cut food •Posteriorteeth: premolars and molars –grind food |
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Ruminants
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-Animals with a 4-part stomach -The rumen and the reticulum digest cellulose with aid of bacteria - the omasum absorbs water and minerals the abomasum works like our stomach
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