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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is a pathogen?

Harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease.

What is immunity?

The ability to avoid disease when invaded by a pathogen.

What is a nonspecific immunity that is deployed against a wide variety of invasive organisms?

Innate immunity

What immunity is specific?

Adaptive immunity

What do white blood cells do?

They are specialized for various functions in the immune system.

What are phagocytes?

They are large cells that engulf pathogens and other substances by phagocytosis.



What are lymphocytes?

They include B cells and T cells and they are involved in adaptive immunity.

What are antibodies?

They are proteins that bind specifically to substances identified by the immune system as non-self.

What are MHC proteins?

They play a major role in coordinating interactions between lymphocytes and macrophages.

What are T cell receptors?

They are integral membrane proteins on the surfaces of T cells.

What are cytokines?

They are soluble signaling proteins released by many cell types.

What is mucus?

A slippery secretion produced by mucous membranes.

What is lysozyme?

An enzyme that cleaves bonds to the cell walls of many bacteria causing them to lyse.

What are defensins?

Are peptides of 18-45 amino acids.

What are phagocytes?

They ingest pathogentic cells by phagocytosis.

What are natural killer cells?

They can distinguish between healthy and harmful body cells.

What are complementary systems?

It is made up of the 20 different proteins in the vertebrate blood.

What are interferon?

They help increase the resistance of neighboring cells to infection.

What is inflammation?

It is what happens when a tissue is damaged because of infection or injury.

What are mast cells?

First responders to tissue damage and release chemical signals.

What is tumor necrosis factor?

A cytokine protein that kills target cells and activates immune cells.

What is prostaglandins?

Plays a role in initiation of inflammation in nearby tissues.

What is histamine?

Increases permeability of blood vessels.

What is an allergic reaction?

When molecule binds to mast cells and cause subsequent inflammation.

Definition of autoimmune disease?

The immune system fails to tell which tissues are self and non self and attacks tissues in organism's body.

Definition of sepsis.

Inflammation due to bacteria infection does not remain local.

Definitions of antigens.

Specific non self substances.

Definition of antigentic determinants.

The sites on antigens that the immune system recognizes.

What is clonal selection?

A mechanism for producing an immune response.

What is clonal deletion?

Process that undergoes apoptosis within a short time.

What is autoimmunity?

A failure of clonal deletion leads to an immune response within an individual to self-antigens.

Definition of immunological memory?

The immune system "remembers" that pathogen and can respond more rapidly.

What is primary immune response?

The first time a vertebrate is exposed to antigen, it takes several days before the immune system makes antibodies.

What are effector cells?

They carry out the attack on the antigen.

What are plasma cells?

They secrete antibodies.

What are memory cells?

Retain the ability to start dividing on short notice to produce more effector and more memory cells.

What is the secondary immune response?

This happens after the primary immune response to an antigen.

Define humoral immune response?

B cells that make antibodies are the workhorses.

What are cytotoxic T?

They are the workhorses of the cellular immune response.

What is antigen-presenting cell?

The unique epitope structure protruding from the cell membrane.

What is the T helper cell?

Bears a T cell receptor protein that is specific for that antigen.

Definition of immunoglobulins?

The several classes of antibodies.

What is the constant region?

Determines the general structure and function of an immunoglobulins.

What is the variable region?

It is different for each specific immunoglobulin.

What is class l MHC?

They are present on the surface of nucleated cell in the mammalian body.

What is class ll MHC?

Are on the surface of macrophages.

What is Tregs?

Ensures that the immune response does not spiral out of control.

What common disease were detected in the early 1980s?

AIDS and HIV.