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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a pathogen? |
Harmful organisms and viruses that can cause disease. |
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What is immunity? |
The ability to avoid disease when invaded by a pathogen. |
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What is a nonspecific immunity that is deployed against a wide variety of invasive organisms? |
Innate immunity |
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What immunity is specific? |
Adaptive immunity |
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What do white blood cells do? |
They are specialized for various functions in the immune system. |
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What are phagocytes? |
They are large cells that engulf pathogens and other substances by phagocytosis. |
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What are lymphocytes? |
They include B cells and T cells and they are involved in adaptive immunity. |
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What are antibodies? |
They are proteins that bind specifically to substances identified by the immune system as non-self. |
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What are MHC proteins? |
They play a major role in coordinating interactions between lymphocytes and macrophages. |
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What are T cell receptors? |
They are integral membrane proteins on the surfaces of T cells. |
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What are cytokines? |
They are soluble signaling proteins released by many cell types. |
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What is mucus? |
A slippery secretion produced by mucous membranes. |
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What is lysozyme? |
An enzyme that cleaves bonds to the cell walls of many bacteria causing them to lyse. |
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What are defensins? |
Are peptides of 18-45 amino acids. |
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What are phagocytes? |
They ingest pathogentic cells by phagocytosis. |
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What are natural killer cells? |
They can distinguish between healthy and harmful body cells. |
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What are complementary systems? |
It is made up of the 20 different proteins in the vertebrate blood. |
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What are interferon? |
They help increase the resistance of neighboring cells to infection. |
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What is inflammation? |
It is what happens when a tissue is damaged because of infection or injury. |
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What are mast cells? |
First responders to tissue damage and release chemical signals. |
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What is tumor necrosis factor? |
A cytokine protein that kills target cells and activates immune cells. |
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What is prostaglandins? |
Plays a role in initiation of inflammation in nearby tissues. |
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What is histamine? |
Increases permeability of blood vessels. |
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What is an allergic reaction? |
When molecule binds to mast cells and cause subsequent inflammation. |
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Definition of autoimmune disease? |
The immune system fails to tell which tissues are self and non self and attacks tissues in organism's body. |
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Definition of sepsis. |
Inflammation due to bacteria infection does not remain local. |
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Definitions of antigens. |
Specific non self substances. |
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Definition of antigentic determinants. |
The sites on antigens that the immune system recognizes. |
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What is clonal selection? |
A mechanism for producing an immune response. |
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What is clonal deletion? |
Process that undergoes apoptosis within a short time. |
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What is autoimmunity? |
A failure of clonal deletion leads to an immune response within an individual to self-antigens. |
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Definition of immunological memory? |
The immune system "remembers" that pathogen and can respond more rapidly. |
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What is primary immune response? |
The first time a vertebrate is exposed to antigen, it takes several days before the immune system makes antibodies. |
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What are effector cells? |
They carry out the attack on the antigen. |
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What are plasma cells? |
They secrete antibodies. |
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What are memory cells? |
Retain the ability to start dividing on short notice to produce more effector and more memory cells. |
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What is the secondary immune response? |
This happens after the primary immune response to an antigen. |
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Define humoral immune response? |
B cells that make antibodies are the workhorses. |
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What are cytotoxic T? |
They are the workhorses of the cellular immune response. |
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What is antigen-presenting cell? |
The unique epitope structure protruding from the cell membrane. |
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What is the T helper cell? |
Bears a T cell receptor protein that is specific for that antigen. |
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Definition of immunoglobulins? |
The several classes of antibodies. |
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What is the constant region? |
Determines the general structure and function of an immunoglobulins. |
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What is the variable region? |
It is different for each specific immunoglobulin. |
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What is class l MHC? |
They are present on the surface of nucleated cell in the mammalian body. |
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What is class ll MHC? |
Are on the surface of macrophages. |
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What is Tregs? |
Ensures that the immune response does not spiral out of control. |
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What common disease were detected in the early 1980s? |
AIDS and HIV. |