Chapter 31 Fungi

Front 1

List Characteristics that distinguish fungi from memberes of other multicellular kingdoms

Back 1

Cell wall of chitin
release exoenzymes
absorb nutrition

Front 2

Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients

Back 2

they aquire their absorption by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes into their surrounding which break down complex molecules into smaller molecules

Front 3

Describe the processes of plasmogamy and karyogamy in fungi

Back 3

Plasmogany- the union of cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
karyogamy- the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing a diploid cell

Front 4

Explain the significance of heterokaryotic stages in fungal life cycles.

Back 4

Cells have haploid nuclei from both parents. It can exchange information similar to the process of crossing over.

Front 5

Distinquish among ectomycorrizae and endomycorrizae

Back 5

ectomycorrhizal fungus is fungus that forms sheaths of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root cortex
Endomycorrihizal etend their branch hypae through the root cell wall into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrance

Front 6

Zygomycota

Back 6

Resistant Zygosporangium as sexual stage

Front 7

Ascomycote

Back 7

Sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci. Also produce vast numbers

Front 8

Basidiomycota

Back 8

Elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores

Front 9

Describe some roles of fungi in the ecosystem

Back 9

Decomposers
food
mutualism
parasites
predators

Front 10

Describe the structure of lichen. Explain the roles of the fungal component of the lichen

Back 10

Lichen is a mutualism between acsopy and green algae. They are pionner plants(decompose rocks) Play role in nitrogen fixation and are food for some animals

Front 11

Zygomycota

Back 11

Resistant Zygosporangium as sexual stage

Front 12

Ascomycote

Back 12

Sexual spores borne internally in sacs called asci. Also produce vast numbers

Front 13

Basidiomycota

Back 13

Elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores

Front 14

Describe some roles of fungi in the ecosystem

Back 14

Decomposers
food
mutualism
parasites
predators

Front 15

Describe the structure of lichen. Explain the roles of the fungal component of the lichen

Back 15

Lichen is a mutualism between acsopy and green algae. They are pionner plants(decompose rocks) Play role in nitrogen fixation and are food for some animals

Front 16

What are the three types of lichen

Back 16

Fruticose which is shrub like
Crutose which is paint like
Foliose which is leaf like

Front 17

Explain how lichens may act as pioneers on newly burned soil or volcanic rock

Back 17

They break down the surface by physically penatrating and chemically attacking it, and they trap windblown soil

Front 18

Describe the role of fungi as agricultural pests.

Back 18

Destroy crops, when they affect some plants they turn them poisioness.

Front 19

Define mycosis and describe some human mycoses

Back 19

The general term for a fungal infection, Ringworm

Front 20

Describe five commercial products made by fungi

Back 20

Antibiotics
bread
alcoholic drinks
cheese flavor

Front 21

Define: arbuscular mycorrhizae
(endomycorrhizae)

Back 21

A distinct type of endomycorrhiza formed by glomeromycete fungi, in which the tips of the fungal hyphae that invade the plant roots branch into tiny treelike structures called arbuscles.

Front 22

Define: asocarp

Back 22

The macroscopic fruiting body of a sac fungus.

Front 23

Define: ascus

Back 23

A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of the ascocarp in dikaryotic hyphae; defining feature of the Ascomycota division of fungi.

Front 24

Define: basidocarp

Back 24

Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.

Front 25

Define: basidium

Back 25

A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms. The fungal division Basidiomycota is named for this structure.

Front 26

Define: chitin

Back 26

A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Front 27

Define: chytrid

Back 27

Member of the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota, mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that probably represent the most primitive fungal lineage.

Front 28

Define: club fungas

Back 28

The common name for members of the phylum Basidiomycota. The name comes from the club-like shape of the basidium.

Front 29

Define: coenocytic

Back 29

Referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division.

Front 30

Define: conidium

Back 30

A naked, asexual spore produced at the ends of hyphae in ascomycetes.

Front 31

Define: deuteromycete

Back 31

Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage. When a sexual stage for a so-called deuteromycete is discovered, the species is assigned to a phylum. Also called an imperfect fungus.

Front 32

Define: dikaryotic

Back 32

Referring to a mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Front 33

Define: ectomycorrhizal fungi

Back 33

A type of mycorrhiza in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption.

Front 34

Define: exoenzyme

Back 34

A powerful hydrolytic enzyme secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food.

Front 35

Define: glomeromycete

Back 35

Member of the fungal phylum Glomeromycota, characterized by forming a distinct branching form of endomycorrhizae (symbiotic relationships with plant roots) called arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Front 36

Define: haustorium

Back 36

In symbiotic fungi, specialized hyphae that can penetrate the tissues of host organisms.

Front 37

Define: heterokaryon

Back 37

A mycelium formed by the fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei.

Front 38

Define: hypha

Back 38

A filament that collectively makes up the body of a fungus.

Front 39

Define: sac fungus

Back 39

Member of the phylum Ascomycetes. Sac fungi range in size and complexity from unicellular yeasts to minute leafspot fungi to elaborate cup fungi and morels. About half of the sac fungi live with algae in the mutualistic associations called lichens.

Front 40

Define: karyogamy

Back 40

The fusion of nuclei of two cells, as part of syngamy.

Front 41

Define: lichen

Back 41

The mutualistic collective formed by the symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga.

Front 42

Define: mold

Back 42

A rapidly growing fungus that reproduces asexually by producing spores.

Front 43

Define: mycelium

Back 43

The densely branched network of hyphae in a fungus.

Front 44

Define: mycorrhizae

Back 44

Mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi.

Front 45

Define: mycosis

Back 45

The general term for a fungal infection.

Front 46

Define: pheromone

Back 46

In animals and fungi, a small, volatile chemical that functions in communication and that in animals acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior.

Front 47

Define: plasmogamy

Back 47

The fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy.

Front 48

Define: septum

Back 48

One of the cross-wall that divide a fungal hypha into cells. Septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell.

Front 49

Define: soredia

Back 49

Small clusters of lichen hyphae with embedded algae.

Front 50

Define: yeast

Back 50

Single-celled fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats and reproduce asexually by simple cell division or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell.

Front 51

Define: zygosporangium

Back 51

In zygomycete fungi, a sturdy multinucleate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur.

Front 52

Define bioenergetics

Back 52

The flow of energy through an animal, taking into account the energy stored in the food it consumes, the energy used for basic functions, activity, growth, reproduction, and regulation, and the energy lost to the environment as heat or in waste.

Front 53

Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Explain how functional anatomy relates to these terms

Back 53

Anatomy is the form of an organism and its study
Physiology is the biological function of an organism

Front 54

Define tissue

Back 54

An integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both.

Front 55

Epithelial tissue

Back 55

Covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities

Front 56

Connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Cartilage
bone
blood

Back 56

Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues.
Apidoes tissue pads and insulates the body
Fibrous connective tissue which is tendons and ligaments
Cartilage stronge and flexible support material
Bone-mineralized connective tissue
blood transport oxygen, white for defense, platelets to aid in blood clots

Front 57

Muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Back 57

Muscle tissue contacts in response to nerve tissues.
Skeletal muscle- voluntary movement
Cardiac muscle contraction of the heart
Smooth muscle are for involuntart body activitys

Front 58

Nervous tissue
Neuron

Back 58

transmits nerve signals throught the animal
Neuron transport nerve impulses

Front 59

Define Biosynthese

Back 59

is an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products

Front 60

Define homeostasis. Describe the three functional components of a homeostatic control system.

Back 60

The steady-state physiological condition of the body.

Front 61

Define Thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budget.

Back 61

The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range. Endotjer,s gemerate heat to keep their body substantially warmer then its surrounding in a cold environment and in the cold they have mechanisms for cooling the body. Ecotherms consume less food and seek shade or basking in the sun for energy

Front 62

Name and describe four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their environment

Back 62

Radiation-Emission of electronic waves of all objects with energy(from sun)
Evaporation- The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas(sweat)
Convection-the transfor of heat by the movement of air or liquid past the surface(air currents)
Conduction- The direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact(rock)

Front 63

Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation

Back 63

Reduces the flow of heat exchange between and animal and its environment.

Front 64

Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in modifying the transfer of body heat with its environment.

Back 64

Vasodilation is an increase in the of superficial blood vessels. Blood flow to the skin is elevated.
Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and heat transfers by decreasing the diamter of superficial vessels.

Front 65

Describe animal adaptions to facilitate evaporative cooling.

Back 65

a countercurrent exchange system traps heat in the body core, thus reducing heat loss from the extremities.

Front 66

Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to changing environmental temperatures

Back 66

Enderotherms adjust the amount of body insulation and ectotherms undergo a variety of changes at the cellular level.

Front 67

Define: abdominal cavity

Back 67

The body cavity in mammals that primarily houses parts of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. It is separated from the more cranial thoracic cavity by the diaphragm.

Front 68

Define: acclimatization

Back 68

Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor.

Front 69

Define: adipose tissue

Back 69

A connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve; contains fat-storing cells called adipose cells.

Front 70

Define: basal metabolic rate

Back 70

The minimal number of kilocalories a resting animal requires to fuel itself for a given time.

Front 71

Define: basement membrane

Back 71

The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.

Front 72

Define: blood

Back 72

A type of connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which blood cells are suspended.

Front 73

Define: bone

Back 73

A type of connective tissue, consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium salts.

Front 74

Define: brown fat

Back 74

A special tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and between the shoulders, that is specialized for rapid heat production.

Front 75

Define: cardiac muscle

Back 75

A type of muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart. Its cells are joined by intercalated disck that relay each heartbeat.

Front 76

Define: cartilage

Back 76

A type of flexible connective tissue with an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin.