Chapter 30 Terms

Front 1

The Progressive (Bull Moose) Party

Back 1

separated from the Republican Party after the Ballinger–Pinchot Affair in 1910. Roosevelt was furious at Taft and took the Progressive Republicans into the new party. Split the votes with the Republicans in the 1912 election thus gave the win to the Democrats.

Front 2

Roosevelt’s “New Nationalism”

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preached a more active government role in economic and social affairs but favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. Also campaigned for women’s suffrage. And a broad program of social welfare which included minimum-wage laws and social insurance.

Front 3

Wilson’s “New Freedom”

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preached a more active government in economic and social affairs too but favored a small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets. Shunned social-welfare proposals and wanted the fragmentation of big industrial combines based on enforcement of the anti-trust laws.

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Triple Wall of Privilege

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The tariff, the banks, and the trusts. Wilson came into office and was prepared to break the wall.

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Underwood Tariff (1912)

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Provided for a substantial reduction of rates and reduced import fees.

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Sixteenth Amendment

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Congress has power to lay and collect income taxes.

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Federal Reserve System (1913)

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A national system consisting of 12 districts each with its own central bank. The banks that were owned by member financial institutions, could issue Federal Note Reserves when needed in a crisis.

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Federal Trade Commission (1914)

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Allowed a presidentially appointed commissioner to abolish monopolies within industries.

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Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

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Further cut monopolies. Extended the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to businesses that acted in ways that were considered objectionable, including price discrimination and interlocking directorates. Exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust persecution while making strikes and peaceful picketing legal.

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Jones Act (1916)

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Granted the Philippines their independence as soon as it established a “stable government” (30 years later).

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General Victoriano Huerta

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The Indian general who replaced the new revolutionary president of Mexico. This enraged the Mexicans causing them to immigrate to America and develop highways and railroads. Left office in 1914 and was replaced by Carranza.

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Venustiano Carranza

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Huerta’s enemy. Protested along with Huerta when Wilson seized the ports of Vera Cruz. Took office when Huerta folded.

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Pancho Villa (1916)

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Huerta’s enemy. Once Carranza took power, Villa tried to undermine Carranza by taking 16 Americans and killing them. A month later, he and his men stormed into Colombus, New Mexico and killed 19 more Americans in an attempt to raise war between Wilson and Carranza.

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General John “Black Jack” Pershing

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Ordered to break up Pancho Villa’s band. He gathered up several thousand troops and went into Mexico removing the Villistas but losing Villa himself. Had to withdraw due to the German threat in January 1917.

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Central Powers

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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Turks.

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Neutrality Proclamation (1914)

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America would stay out of the war and not take either side. J.P. Morgan and Company, however, disregarded and helped in the boom by contributing $2.3 billion.

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The Lusitania (1915)

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British passenger liner that was sunk by the Germans’ new U-boat. Killed 1,198 people, 128 of which were American. Germans acted on the knowledge that there were 4,200 cases of small-arms ammunition on the boat. The American government said otherwise.

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Sussex Pledge (1916)

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Began when Germans promised not to sink a ship with innocent people without warning. The Germans in turn sunk the Sussex and violated their promise. The Germans agreed to the agreement another time after Wilson threatened them. But they had fine print: the United States would have to persuade the Allies to modify what Berlin regarded as their illegal blockade. Wilson accepted without acknowledging the German’s trickery even though he knew the Germans could use the pledge against Wilson at any time.