Chapter 30 Note Cards

Front 1

Western Front

Back 1

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Front 2

Faisal I (1885-1933)

Back 2

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.

Front 3

Herzl, Theodore (1860-1904)

Back 3

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Front 4

Balfour Declaration

Back 4

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

Front 5

Bolsheviks

Back 5

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution.

Front 6

Lenin, Vladimir (1870-1924)

Back 6

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.

Front 7

Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924)

Back 7

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Front 8

League of Nations

Back 8

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s, and it was superseded by the United Nations in 1945.

Front 9

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Back 9

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans.

Front 10

New Economic Policy

Back 10

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans.

Front 11

Sun Yat-sen (1867-1925)

Back 11

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

Front 12

Yuan Shikai (1859-1916)

Back 12

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen.

Front 13

Guomindang

Back 13

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

Front 14

Mandate system

Back 14

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Front 15

Planck, Max (1858-1947)

Back 15

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.

Front 16

Einstein, Albert (1879-1955)

Back 16

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.